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Kren C. Nelson Margaret A. Palmer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2007,43(2):440-452
ABSTRACT: Multiple anthropogenic stressors, including increased watershed imperviousness, destruction of the riparian vegetation, increased siltation, and changes in climate, will impact streams over the coming century. These stressors will alter water temperature, thus influencing ecological processes and stream biota. Quantitative tools are needed to predict the magnitude and direction of altered thermal regimes. Here, empirical relationships were derived to complement a simple model of in‐stream temperature [developed by Caissie et al. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25 (1998) 250; Journal of Hydrology 251 (2001) 14], including seasonal temperature shifts linked to land use, and temperature surges linked to localized rainstorms; surges in temperature averaged about 3.5°C and dissipated over about 3 h. These temperature surges occurred frequently at the most urbanized sites (up to 10% of summer days) and could briefly increase maximum temperature by >7°C. The combination of empirical relationships and model show that headwater streams may be more pervasively impacted by urbanization than by climate change, although the two stressors reinforce each other. A profound community shift, from common cold and coolwater species to some of the many warmwater species currently present in smaller numbers, may be expected, as shown by a count of days on which temperature exceeds the “good growth” range for coldwater species. 相似文献
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Microbes are vital to the earth because of their enormous numbers and instinct function maintaining the natural balance. Since the microbiology was applied in environmental science and engineering more than a century ago, researchers desire for more and more information concerning the microbial spatio-temporal variations in almost every fields from contaminated soil to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). For the past 30 years, molecular biologic techniques explored for environmental microbial community (EMC) have spanned a broad range of approaches to facilitate the researches with the assistance of computer science: faster, more accurate and more sensitive. In this feature article, we outlined several current and emerging molecular biologic techniques applied in detection of EMC, and presented and assessed in detail the application of three promising tools. 相似文献
246.
C. H. Huang 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2009,9(3):359-366
In the condition of free convection, the Charnock relation is inadequate. In this paper we extend the Charnock relation to
include the effect of free convection on the roughness length. As a result, the singularity in the Monin–Obukhov similarity
theory can be avoided. This paper shows two approaches to derive the roughness length formula in the forced and free convections.
The first approach is based on the mixing length theory and the use of the observational data of the vertical velocity variance.
We introduce a new vertical velocity scale based on the vertical velocity variance; this velocity variance is well behaved
in the atmospheric boundary layer and easy to obtain from field experiments. The second approach is based on the theoretical
framework of Sykes et al. (Q R Met Soc, 119: 409–421). From that framework, we develop a theory to obtain the roughness length
formula. The results of these two approaches are in agreement with each other. In the past, a multiplication factor associated
with free convection was considered to be a constant. This paper shows that this multiplication factor is, in fact, also dependent
on the depth of the mixing height. In previous studies, experimental works were often conducted without taking into account
the depth of the mixing height. Not taking into account the mixing height in the estimation of the roughness length in free
convection would result in an inaccurate estimate of the roughness length and hence the drag coefficient.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
247.
Abstract Bottom surges generated from dredged material discharges in the open ocean have been observed using high frequency acoustic concentration profilers in several field studies during the past five years. the locations, water depths, bottom slopes, oceanographic conditions, and dredged material composition differed from study to study. Observed surges at three dredged material disposal sites may develop more than one surge peak for a single discharge. for water depths of the order of 10 m, surge height of the leading peak was estimated to be about one quarter of the water depth. for water of greater depth, of the order of 100 m, surge height reached 70 m, about 70% of the water depth. Surge height is established instantaneously when dredged material hits the bottom, and remains relatively constant as the surge advances horizontally. Total surge length reached 150 m for water depths of 10 m when measured from the impact point to the leading edge. for water depths of more than 100 m, the surge length reached more than 100 m. Length of the leading surge peak was as large as 45 m at this water depth. Dimensional analysis was applied to relate the surge height of the leading surge peak to discharge parameters and oceanographic conditions. Results showed that the ratio of surge height to water depth was proportional to 1/10 power of the ratio of discharge volume to the third power of water depth. 相似文献
248.
Kais Elghniji Sabrine Salem Mongi ben Mosbah Elimame Elaloui Younes Moussaoui 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(6):869-879
The mineralization and detoxification of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) were studied using a TiO2-paper/sunlight system. The possibility of reusing the photocatalyst was examined to determine the cost effectiveness of the method. Experiments were performed to establish optimum conditions for 4-CP removal. Phytotoxicity of photo-treated and raw 4-CP (100 mg L?1) solutions on seed germination and plant growth were carried out with the aim of water reuse and environment protection. The seeds irrigated with raw 4-CP solution showed lower sprout length while increase in sprout length was observed with the photo-treated solution for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), onion (Allium cepa), and turnip (Brassica rapa). Plant growth tests with the photo-treated 4-CP solution did not affect the leaf numbers compared to those irrigated with tap water. Photo-treated 4-CP solution can be used for irrigation in agriculture. 相似文献
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