太湖竺山湾沉积物碳氮磷分布特征与污染评价

为了揭示太湖竺山湾沉积物中碳、氮和磷的分布特征,本研究在太湖竺山湾设置3个断面(湖湾内,A断面;湖湾中部,B断面;开敞湖区,C断面) 10个采样点,采集沉积物柱状样,每2 cm间隔分层测定沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)含量,以揭示其水平分布和垂向分布特征.结果表明,在空间上竺山湾表层沉积物呈现开敞湖区向湖湾富集的特征,湖湾内部碳、氮和磷含量显著高于开敞湖区(P 0. 01),其中湖湾内(A断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别为1. 53、1. 55和11. 31 mg·g~(-1),而靠近开敞湖区(C断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量仅为0. 75、0. 57和6. 70 mg·g~(-1).垂向分布特征表现为表层富集,3个断面TN、TP和TOC含量随着底泥深度的增加均呈现出下降趋势,表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别是底层的2～3、2～5和2～3倍.整体而言,竺山湾沉积物TP含量均值为0. 93 mg·g~(-1),属于重度污染,而TN平均含量为1. 11 mg·g~(-1),属于轻度污染;有机氮指数和综合污染指数显示,竺山湾北部地区污染水平为重度污染区,有机污染相对较强,TP的污染指数(STP)处于1. 03～3. 87之间,属于重度污染.     

五大连池药泉湖总有机碳分布特征研究

以五大连池药泉湖为研究对象,开展对其水样及底泥中总有机碳的含量及分布特征研究。结果表明：药泉湖水体中总有机碳（TOC）含量范围在8．7～11．47mg／L之间,平均为9．89mg／L;药泉湖底泥中总有机碳（TOC）含量范围在40．77～77．25mg／kg之间,平均为54．12mg／kg。药泉湖周围的农业面源污染、居民办公区的生活污水的排入以及湖水径流路线对其分布有较大影响。     

青海湖湖水性质、颗粒物沉积通量季节和年际变化——来自沉积物捕获器的研究

本文通过在青海湖南盆沉积中心试验性放置的Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器所收集到的为期15个月的自然沉降颗粒物,分析了颗粒物沉积通量和物质组成,结合温盐传感器（CTD）所记录湖水参数数据的分析,讨论了青海湖上部10 m左右湖水中所发生沉积作用的季节与年际变化特征及其与环境参数的相互关系。结果表明,采集期间所沉降的总颗粒物具有显著季节和年际变化特征,其平均年沉降通量为112 g·m^-2·yr^-1,其组成主要是自生碳酸盐（高Mg方解石、文石）、生物壳体（介形虫、硅藻等）等内生作用形成的物质,以及少量的碎屑矿物。与实时监测的湖水参数比较表明,具有显著季节和年际变化的青海湖内生物质通量变化主要受控于夏季温度的变化。其沉积机制为：湖水温度的升高,有利于高Mg方解石和文石等自生矿物从碳酸盐过饱和的碱性湖水中结晶沉淀（盐度降低）,也有利于藻类和介形虫等微体生物大量繁殖,表现为温度偏高的2010年比2011年具有较低的湖水盐度和高得多的沉积通量。因此,青海湖自生碳酸盐沉淀通量可以用来反映湖水盐度和/或温度的变化,尽管这些内生作用形成的物质可能只约占到湖底沉积物的5%~20%。为更全面地了解青海湖现代沉积过程,有必要在更多点位、不同的深度进行长期放置捕获器和实时监测湖水参数变化。     

Historical trends in the anthropogenic heavy metal levels in the tidal flat sediments of Lianyungang, China

The sedimentation of metals can preserve the historical record of contaminant input from local and regional sources and provide information on the historical changes in regional water and sediment quality. We report the ²¹⁰Pb activities and the heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) depth profiles from sediment cores retrieved in 2010. The mean sedimentation rates of 0.85-1.5 cm/yr are determined by ²¹⁰Pb dating. The sediments in the tidal flat have recorded heavy metal deposition and thus allow the establishment of a connection between the temporal evolution of the heavy metal pollution and the historical changes in the economic development of Lianyungang. The enrichment factors (EF) are calculated to estimate the level of contamination stored in these sediments. The results show that in the studied sites, Cr and Cu display low EF values and are mainly from lithogenic origin. For the other studied trace metals, a great variability in the sedimentary record is observed. Significant anthropogenic enrichment over the last 50 years is revealed at the tidal flat that receives fluvial inputs. Zinc is the element with the highest EF values, followed by the order of Pb > Cd > Mn > Cu and Cr. The temporal variations of the heavy metals peak during the late 1980s to the early 2000s and show a decreasing trend afterward. The pollution intensity of the tidal flat is determined by using EF and the geo-accumulation index (I_geo), which show that, based on the I_geo scale, the tidal flat of Haizhou Bay is unpolluted to moderately polluted.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu I: Chemical forms and their transformation

Organic phosphorus(nonreactive P,NRP)is a major component of P in sediments,but information about its chemical forms and dynamic transformation is limited.The chemical forms and dynamic behaviors of NRP in a sediment profile from Lake Taihu,a freshwater and eutrophic lake in China,were investigated.Five forms of NRP in the sediments were extracted based on a chemical fractionation technique,including easily labile NRP(NaHCO3-NRP),reactive metal oxide-bound NRP(HCl-NRP),humic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPHA),fulvic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPFA)and residual NRP(Res-TP).There were notable transformations with increasing sediment depth from the labile NaHCO3-NRP and NaOH-NRP pools to the recalcitrant HCl-NRP and Res-TP pools,which caused the NRP to become increasingly recalcitrant as the early diagenetic processes proceeded.Further analyses showed that the relative changes in contents of organic matter and reactive Fe oxides in the sediment profile triggered a competition for binding NRP fractions and led to the transformation of NRP.The results highlighted the importance of abiotic processes in regulating the diagenesis of organic P and its stability in sediments.     

Growth characteristics of algae during early stages of phytoplankton bloom in Lake Taihu, China

Three treatments, sediment plus lake water (S+W), sterilized sediment plus lake water (SS+W), and sediment plus filtered lake water (S+FW), were recruited to investigate the growth characteristics of algae during pre-bloom and the importance of algal inocula in the water column and sediment. The results showed that in the water column, biomass of all algae increased in all treatments when recruitment was initiated, whereas this tendency differed among treatments with further increment of temperature. The process of algal growth consisted of two stages: Stage I, the onset of recruitment and Stage II, the subsequent growth of algae. Compared with S+W, in Stage I, SS+W significantly increased the biomass of cyanophytes by 178.70%, and decreased the biomass of non-cyanophytes by 43.40%; In Stage II, SS+W notably stimulated the growth of all algae, thus incurring the occurrence of phytoplankton bloom. Further analyses revealed that both metabolic activity and photochemical activity of algae were enhanced in SS+W, which resulted from the releasing of nutrients from sediment. These results suggest that algal growth in Stage II and algal inocula in the water column can be important factors for the formation of phytoplankton bloom. In addition, possible mechanisms promoting algal recruitment and subsequent growth of algae were explored.     

Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and its human impact in lacustrine sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake, Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, were chosen to evaluate their enrichment state and history. The state of heavy metal enrichment was at a low level in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake. The enrichment state of Co, Cr and Ni was also low in the sediment of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, while Cu, Pb and Zn enrichment reached a higher level. Mass accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to heavy metals in the sediment. The anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were lower in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake compared with the other two lakes, where heavy metals, especially Cu, Pb and Zn, were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metal accumulation did not vary greatly in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake, while that in Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake increased since the 1950s and substantially increased since the 1980s, although a decrease occurred since 2000 AD in Xijiu Lake. Heavy metal enrichment was strongly related to human activities in the catchment. The development of urbanization and industrialization was much more rapid in the catchments of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake than of the other two lakes, and thus large amounts of anthropogenically sourced heavy metals were discharged into the lakes, which resulted in a higher contamination risk. However, human activities in the Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake catchments mainly involved agriculture, which contributed a relatively small portion of heavy metals to the lakes.     

美人蕉生态护坡对径流污染净化作用的初步研究

2010-04-10月,研究了合肥市南淝河美人蕉生态护坡对河道的水质改善作用。试验用水取自南淝河,TSS、TN、NH4+-N、TP和COD的平均浓度分别是94.1,5.42,2.98,0.202和55.5 mg/L,河水经流生态护坡后,相应的平均去除率分别为:76.4%,45.6%,57.5%,40.1%和29.0%。另外,考察了植物对土壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量的影响,美人蕉护坡微生物的数量显著多于无植物坡岸(p<0.01),微生物总数分别为:3.17×107和0.830×107cfu/g。由此,植物护坡兼具净化和生态景观效应。     

滇池PAHs的沉积记录、来源及其生态风险评估

采用GC/MS方法分析了滇池沉积柱中16种美国EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布状况,并对其来源变化及生态风险进行了分析和评估.研究表明:滇池沉积柱中PAHs的含量范围为558～6418 ng·g-1,并在20世纪90年代初达到峰值,这明显不同于发达国家的同类研究,也与国内沿海地区和偏远湖泊的相关研究有所不同.滇池沉积物中的PAHs主要来自当地的家庭燃煤、木材和生物秸秆等的低温燃烧过程,但工业燃煤和机动车尾气等高温燃烧过程释放的PAHs的相对含量近年来有明显增加的趋势.风险评估结果显示,滇池中上层沉积物中的PAHs可能存在潜在的生态风险,而这些生态风险主要来自低环数的NAP、FLU、PHEN和高环数的BbF、BaP、DBA等.     

长江重庆段两江水相、间隙水和沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布与分配

对长江重庆段两江水相、间隙水和沉积相中5种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分布与分配进行了研究.结果显示水相中PAEs含量为53.2 ～343.0 ng·L-1,间隙水中为916.8～7517.1 ng·L-1,沉积相为1787.0 ～5045.9 ng·g-1,间隙水相PAEs含量高于水相;比较两江PAEs分布,支流嘉陵江污染程度高于长江干流;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)是水体和沉积物中的主要污染物,在间隙水相存在明显富集,这两种污染物在水相中的含量低于地表水质量标准;黏土是影响沉积相中PAEs分布的重要因素,有机质含量对其影响较小;沉积物-间隙水间的lgKoc值与lgKow不相关,DBP在沉积物和间隙水间的分配接近平衡,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)有由沉积相向间隙水相迁移的趋势,DEHP则由间隙水相向沉积相迁移.与国内外其他地区相比,研究区PAEs含量处于中等偏下水平.