略论我国矿山安全法律制度的完善

矿山安全是采矿工业乃至国民经济可持续发展的重要组成部分．矿山安全对发展地区经济和保持社会稳定都具有重要意义。然而．随着矿产资源开发强度的不断加大．矿山安全法律制度建设相对于矿山开发来说却相对严重滞后,以致矿山生产环境不断恶化．矿山安全事故频发。因此．在对我国矿山安全问题及其成因进行法律经济分析的前提下．找出我国矿山安全立法的问题与不足。并在与美国矿山安全立法进行差异比较的基础上,对我国矿山安全立法的完善进行有益的思考和探索．具有十分重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

A SIMULATION OF RIVER-BASIN RESPONSE TO MESOSCALE METEOROLOGICAL FORCING: THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN EXPERIMENT (SRBEX)1

ABSTRACT: A mesoscale meteorological model, a surface hydrology model, and a ground-water hydrology model are linked to simulate the hydrographic response of a large river basin to a single storm. Synoptic climatology is employed to choose a representative hydro-climatic event. The mesoscale meteorological model uses three nested domains to simulate relatively high-resolution precipitation over a sub-basin of the Susquehanna River Basin. The hydrology models simulate surface runoff and ground-water baseflow using both analyzed and simulated precipitation. The hydrologic abstractions are handled using both Curve Number and Green-Ampt routines. To support the linkage of the numerical models, special attention is given to data resampling and reprojection. The mesoscale meteorological model simulation captures the spatial and temporal structure of the storm event, while the hydrology models represent the timing of the event well. The Curve Number method generates a realistic hydrograph with both analyzed and simulated precipitation. In contrast, the hydrographic response generated by the Green-Ampt routine is inferior. Several interrelated factors contribute to these results, including: the nature of the precipitation event chosen for the experiment; the tendency of the mesoscale meteorological model to underpredict low intensity, widespread precipitation in this case; and the influence of the surface soil-texture characteristics on infiltration rates.     

桐麦间作人工群落空间分布格局的灰色局势决策

本文采用多目标灰色局势决策的方法，以桐麦间作人工群落为例，以１０年为泡桐生长的一个轮伐期，以６种不同的空间配置方式作为对策，以林业经济收益、农业经济收益和系统总体效益为目标，进行多目标决策，定量研究其空间分布格局。研究结果表明，以农为主间作型泡桐的最佳株行距为５×４０ｍ，以桐为主间作型的为５×５ｍ，农桐并重间作型的为５×２０ｍ。     

常宁市林业有害生物发生现状和防控对策

结合常宁市林业有害生物普查工作,在实地调查全市林业有害生物发生种类和发生现状的基础上,通过分析常宁市林业有害生物发生特点和成灾原因,结合林业工作实际,提出了常宁市林业有害生物防控对策．参7．     

国内燃煤电厂烟气脱硝发展现状及建议

介绍国内燃煤电厂NOx排放现状和我国NOx控制法规,以及国内燃煤电厂脱硝技术的研究和工程应用现状,并对我国烟气脱硝产业的发展提出了几点建议.     

Decentralized wastewater treatment technologies and management in Chinese villages

Problems treating sewage in rural areas in China have attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, only 6% of rural areas had spray drainage and wastewater treatment systems by the end of 2010. It is necessary to assess the technologies currently used so that sewage treatment in rural areas can be developed appropriately, to provide reliable and affordable waste- water treatment, in these areas. We evaluated the sewage treatment technologies currently used in rural areas by conducting case studies on 62 facilities that had each been operating for at least one year. Our study was carried out between 2009 and 2011, and the aim was to assess the situation during that period and assess any problems involved in decentralized sewage treatment in villages. We found that decentralized sewage treatment is the most popular wastewater treatment method in villages, and that the most common primary treatment technology used in rural areas is the septic tank. Our investigation highlights the need to establish standards for assessing effluent quality, including a range of target pollutants. Our results also show that effluents should be reused to meet the local environmental requirements in different areas, especially in ecologically sensitive areas.     

长春市水环境污染状况、主要问题及防治对策

以长春市第一次污染源普查为基础,介绍了该市水环境污染状况、主要的环境问题,并提出了防治对策。     

土壤退化研究的进展与趋向

定义了土壤退化的概念,总结了全球及我国土壤退化概况,回顾了土壤退化研究的进展,最后提出了土壤退化的研究方向。     

Spatiotemporal Features of Severe Air Pollution in Northern Taiwan (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope This research attempted to identify the dominant factors simultaneously affecting the airborne concentrations of five air pollutants with principal component analysis and to determine the meteorologically related parameters that cause severe air-pollution events. According to the definition of subPSI and PSI values through the U.S. EPA, the historical raw data of five criteria air pollutants, SO2, CO, O3, PM10 and NO2, were calculated as daily subPSI values. In addition to the airborne concentrations, this study simultaneous collected the surface meteorological parameters of the Taipei meteorological station, established by the Central Weather Bureau. Methods Principal component analysis was conducted to screen severe air pollution scenarios for five air pollutants: SO2, CO, O3, PM10 and NO2. The concentrations of various air pollutants measured at 17 air-quality stations in northern Taiwan from 1995 to 2001 were transformed into daily subPSI values. The correlation analysis of the five air pollutants and four meteorological parameters (wind speed, temperature, mixing height and ventilation rate) were included in this research. After screening severe air pollution scenarios, this study recognized the synoptic patterns easily causing the severe air-pollution events. Results and Discussion Analytical results showed that the eigenvalues of the first two principal components for SO2, CO, O3, PM10 and NO2 were greater than 1. The first component of five air pollutants explained 64, 64, 67, 76 and 63% of subPSI variance for SO2, CO, O3, PM10 and NO2, respectively. Only the correlation coefficient of NO2 and CO had statistically significant positive values (0.82); other pollutant pairs presented medium (0.4 to 0.7) or low (0 to 0.4) positive values. The correlation coefficients for air pollutants and three meteorological parameters (wind speed, mixing height and ventilation index) were medium or low negative values. In northern Taiwan, spring was most likely induced high concentrations and the component scores of the first component for SO2, CO, PM10 and NO2; summer was the worst season that caused high O3 episodes. Consequently, the analytical results of factor loadings for the first principal component and emission inventory of various sources revealed that mobile sources were dominant factors affecting ambient air quality in northern Taiwan. Conclusion According to the results of principal component analysis for the five air pollutants, the first two of 17 components were cited as major factors and explained 71% of subPSI variance. Based on the inventory of NOx emissions and the isopleth diagram of factor loading for the first component, mobile sources in the southwest Taipei City accounted for the highest factor loading values and emission inventory values. Synoptic analysis and principal component analysis demonstrated that three types of weather patterns (high-pressure recirculation, prefrontal warm sector and the southwesterly wind system) easily caused the severe air-pollution scenarios. In summary, if severe air-pollution days occurred, the average meteorological parameters experienced adverse conditions for diffusing air pollutants; that is, the average values of wind speed, mixing height and ventilation index were lower than 2.1 ms-1, 360 m and 800 m2s-1, respectively. If one of the three synoptic patterns were to occur in combination with adverse meteorological conditions, severe air-pollution events would be developed. Recommendation and Outlook By utilizing synoptic patterns, this work found three weather systems easily caused severe air-pollution events over northern Taiwan. Analytical results showed, respectively, the wind speed and mixing height were less than 2.1 m/s and 360 m during severe air-pollution events.     

生态旅馆的标准、现状及发展对策探讨

生态旅馆是近些年伴随着生态旅游的流行而出现的一种新型住宿场所。它融合了当地建筑、文化和自然特征,有助于生态环境保护并且能给当地社区产生社会效益和经济效益。生态旅馆具有投入较低、教育性强、与环境相协调等特征。目前在国外生态旅游发展得较好的地方,其生态旅馆也颇具特色。中国生态旅馆的开发相对落后,应该认真执行有关生态旅馆建设的标准、大力宣传生态旅馆并给予适当的资金扶持和技术指导、创新生态旅馆的形式,开展连锁经营、与周边景点联动开发。