资源型城市可持续竞争力的培育--以山西省大同市为例

首先对我国资源型城市的倒“U”型发展现象进行解析,接着分析了我国资源型城市存在的主要问题,并对资源型城市的可持续竞争力构建进行了概述,然后通过案例分析的方式,分析了资源型城市在同等规模城市中的可持续竞争能力。最后根据资源型城市的类型分别提出了培育其城市可持续竞争力的对策。     

城市污水厂污泥替代营养盐培养海水小球藻的研究

为了城市污水厂污泥的资源化利用,对污泥替代F/2培养基培养海水小球藻(Chlorella pacifica)进行了研究。首先采用研磨-离心法制备污泥抽提液,将其与F/2培养基按体积比7∶3混合,接种微藻并在优化的条件下培养6 d,逐日测定混合液中无机氮、磷的浓度,培养结束后测定微藻生物量以及干藻中蛋白质、氨基酸和重金属含量。结果表明,将微藻在最佳条件下培养6 d后,混合液中PO34--P、NO2--N、NH4+-N和NO3--N的吸收率分别达到97.32%、96.72%、97.55%和78.13%;与F/2培养基对照组相比,混合液中微藻的生物量增加11.5%;蛋白质、必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的含量变化不大。另外,干藻中的重金属含量符合饲料行业标准的要求。     

MnO_2对海底沉积物ANAMMOX菌的富集培养影响

采用上流式固定床反应器,在常温下连续运行,考察MnO2对海洋性ANAMMOX菌富集培养的影响,其中接种的海洋海底沉积物采自大连市附近海域。结果表明,在反应器运行近150 d中,加入MnO2的R1反应器的最大总氮去除速率为137.82 g N/(m3·d),比没有加入MnO2的R2反应器高出近20 g N/(m3·d)。在低温环境(10~15℃)运行时,R1反应器的氨氮和亚硝氮去除率比R2反应器均高出10%,且R1反应器对温度变化的适应性和运行稳定性都好于R2反应器。这表明MnO2的加入确实在一定程度上促进了海洋性ANAMMOX细菌的富集,并增强了ANAMMOX反应器对温度变化的适应性,使其能够在较宽的温度范围下运行。     

Influence of tetracycline exposure on the growth of wheat seedlings and the rhizosphere microbial community structure in hydroponic culture

In this study, the effects of tetracycline exposure on wheat growth and the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere were investigated under hydroponic culture conditions. Exposure to various concentrations of tetracycline resulted in significant suppression of the growth of wheat roots and shoots, with minimum doses of 0.8 mg L^?1 and 4 mg L^?1 resulting in inhibition rates of 32% and 15.4%, respectively. Complete inhibition of the growth of these two parts of wheat plants was observed in response to treatment with tetracycline at 20 mg L^?1 and 100 mg L^?1, respectively. However, the germination of wheat seeds was not sensitive to exposure to tetracycline. The effects of tetracycline exposure on the microbial community in the wheat rhizosphere were evaluated through traditional cultivation and molecular biological analyses. The cultivation results indicated that bacteria were the dominant population, being present in concentrations of 1× 10⁸–2.45× 10⁹CFUs mL^?1, although 39% to 87% inhibition occurred in response to tetracycline. The concentration of fungi increased in all tetracycline treated samples to 2.5 to 15.8 times that of the control. The highest concentration of fungi (4.27× 10⁸ CFU mL^?1) was observed in response to 60 mg L^?1 tetracycline after 15 days of cultivation. In this stage, a large amount of fungal colonies was observed on the surface of the culture solution, the wheat roots became rotted and the plants became atrophic or even died. Molecular biological analysis indicated that the bacterial community structure was significantly different in samples that were exposed to high levels of tetracycline (over 20 mg L^?1) than in samples that were exposed to lower concentrations. As the concentration of tetracycline increased, the diversity of the bacteria decreased. Additionally, several dominant sensitive species such as Sphingobacterium multivorum were suppressed by tetracycline, while some resistant species such as Acinetobacter sp. appeared or were conserved. The bacteria population tended to stabilize when the drug concentration exceeded 40 mg L^?1.     

用味精生产废水培养好氧颗粒污泥

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,采用味精生产废水进行培养,在SBR中以逐渐降低污泥沉淀时间的方法成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥。实验结果表明：污泥接种65 d后,出现细小的好氧颗粒污泥,呈黄褐色,95 d后颗粒污泥趋于成熟,粒径达0.6 mm左右,且周围存在大量原生动物;运行95 d后MLSS提高至8.00 g/L,SVI降至30.00 mL/g左右;成熟后的好氧颗粒污泥对味精生产废水中的COD和NH₃-N具有良好的去除效果,出水COD和ρ（NH₃-N）分别为80 mg/L和2 mg/L左右。     

高职院校环境监察专业教学改革研究

高职院校学生与本科院校学生的教育特点不同,高职院校环境监察专业有其特殊的专业特色。环境监察专业为了达到更好的教育目的,需要从人才培养、课程体系建设、教学方法改革和实践教学探索等方面入手,不断改革人才培养方案,才能满足社会对专业人才的需求。     

Phosphorus use-efficiency of agriculture and food system in the US

The rapid increase in human mobilization of phosphorus has raised concerns on both its supply security and its impact on the environment. Increasing the efficiency of phosphorus use is an approach to mitigate the adverse impacts associated with phosphorus consumption. This study estimates the life-cycle phosphorus use-efficiency of the US food system. A framework for accounting phosphorus stocks and flows is developed, and the account was populated with data. A map of phosphorus stocks and flows around the US food system is drawn and phosphorus use-efficiency was calculated. The results show that only 15% of the total phosphorus extracted from nature for the provision of food is eventually ingested by humans and the rest is lost to the environment. Major losses occur during the livestock, meat and dairy production and crop cultivation stage, where about 66% of the total phosphorus extracted is lost to the environment. The results also show that other losses of phosphorus including household food waste, mining waste, and fertilizer manufacturing waste are not negligible, which constitute about 19% of the total phosphorus extracted for food purpose. A data quality assessment and sensitivity analysis was performed to identify data quality hotspots and to envisage effective measures to improving phosphorus use-efficiency. Improving yields of livestock and crop cultivation without additional phosphorus input and reducing household food waste are shown to be effective measures to improve life-cycle phosphorus use-efficiency. The results highlight the need of a concerted effort by all entities along the life-cycle for efficient use of phosphorus.     

退田还湖对鄱阳湖洪水调控能力的影响

利用实测资料统计了鄱阳湖近50年来湖盆形态和洪水水情的变化,表明由于围垦的作用,1954~1992年鄱阳湖面积共减小1 300 km2,容积共减少81×108 m3,调节系数从17.3%下降到13.7%,调洪能力降低20.8%;20世纪90年代与50年代相比,年最高水位平均值抬高1.80 m。计算了退田还湖对近50年来两次特大洪水（1954年洪水和1998年洪水）最高水位的效应值,表明分别可使1954年洪水和1998年洪水的最高水位降低0.72 m和0.68 m。估算了退田还湖对鄱阳湖洪水位频率的影响,表明50年一遇和100年一遇的洪水位分别可降低0.63 m和0.68 m。计算还表明,高水还湖（单退）降低洪水位的作用与圩区还湖前夕的内涝程度密切相关,说明及时排除圩区的内涝对保障退田还湖的防洪减灾作用至关重要。分析了退田还湖面临的主要问题,分别是高水还湖圩区的内涝问题和平垸行洪（双退）圩区的血防问题;探讨解决这两个问题的具体对策,分别为单退圩堤采用“限高加固,排空待蓄”的运作方式,双退圩堤采用“敞开进洪,兼顾血防”的运用方式。     

Shifting cultivation in peatlands

Transboundary haze pollution from smoke from land preparation fires has become a perennial problem in Indonesia, especially in the last 10 years during the dry season. Most of that smoke originates from illegal land preparation fires for oil palm and industrial forest plantation as well as from shifting cultivation, which is usually blamed for the smoke. In order to understand the role of fire in shifting cultivation areas dominated by peat soils, research was conducted during the dry season of 2001 on land belonging to the community of Pelalawan village, Pelalawan district, Riau province, Indonesia. The research showed that burning did not affect all peat areas equally. No peat was burned on a fibric site, while burning on a hemic site varied in depth from 6.0 cm to 12.6 cm, and on a sapric site from 15.4 cm to 31.9 cm. Further, on the fibric site only phosphorus increased significantly following burning, while on the hemic only the base saturation increased; on the sapric site, however, both base saturation and phosphorus increased compared to the condition before burning. These data show that if fire is continues to be used for land preparation in peat areas, peat becomes critically endangered.     

四湖地区猕猴桃高效栽培模式与关键技术

针对地处四湖腹地的湖北省监利县果树资源利用率低及涝洼湿地的地理环境和生态条件 ,提出加快果树资源品种结构的调整 ,监北地势稍高 ,排灌方便的地方大力发展以猕猴桃为主的产业 ,同时利用架面下的行间土地套种蔬菜、瓜类作物、草莓、食用菌以及耐荫湿的中草药植物等立体生态农业的栽培模式 ,达到经济效益和生态效益的同步增长 ,与其相配套的栽培关键技术是采用地下通气排灌暗沟设施 ,重施有机质肥加磷肥 ;高畦壮苗定植 ;巧施追肥 ;适时排灌 ;树盘覆草保墒 ;人工辅助授粉和疏花疏果