上海市环境污染事故风险受体脆弱性评价研究

从环境风险受体敏感性和适应力两方面构建了脆弱性概念模型,在此基础上,考虑社会经济脆弱性和生态系统脆弱性,选取14个指标构建了上海市环境污染事故风险受体综合脆弱性评价指标体系.研究结果表明：上海市中心城区社会脆弱性较高,而崇明岛、南汇、奉贤的社会经济脆弱性最低;黄浦江上游水源保护区、崇明岛东滩湿地生态系统脆弱性较高,浦东...     

First report of microcystin production in Microcystis smithii Komrek and Anagnostidis(Cyanobacteria) from a water bloom in Eastern China

A water bloom sample collected from Lake Dishui in Shanghai was characterized.The morphological identification showed that Micorcystis wesenbergii and Micorcystis smithii were the main component of the bloom.Five strains of M.smithii were successfully isolated.Their 16S rRNA gene sequences based phylogenetic tree showed that the five strains of M.smithii intermixed with strains of other morphospecies in Microcystis.A fragment of mcy gene encoding for microcystin synthetase was detected in one of the five M....     

红树林湿地中好氧-厌氧反硝化菌脱氮特性及其种群结构分析

随着沿岸水体氮素富营养化的加剧,生物脱氮作用越来越受重视,位于海陆交界的湿地红树林生态系统作为一个自然脱氮体系备受关注.本研究以典型亚热带湿地红树林(香港Mai Po)作为对象,结合传统的富集筛选和分子生物学方法--建立nosZ基因克隆文库和RFLP分析技术对红树林沉积物中反硝化细菌脱氮能力、种群结构和丰度进行研究.从Mai Po红树林沉积物中共筛选到12株好氧反硝化菌和8株厌氧反硝化菌,其中好氧反硝化菌包括Pseudomonas(4株)、Comamonas(2株)和Acinetobacter(2株)等7个菌属,厌氧反硝化菌属于Pseudomonas、Agrobacterium和Uncultured Betaproteobacteria bacterium(2株)等7个菌属.筛选到的好氧和厌氧反硝化菌均具有较高的脱氮能力,大部分在2d内NO3--N去除率达到98%以上.建立Mai Po红树林湿地反硝化细菌的nosZ基因克隆文库的结果表明,反硝化细菌的50个克隆子中有26个克隆子分属于11个未知类群,其余克隆子属于Pennisetum类群(26%),β-proteobacterium类群(10%),Entandrophragma类群(4%),Pseudomonas类群(4%)和denitrifying bacterium类群(4%).可见Mai Po红树林中反硝化细菌具有很高的生物多样性.     

有机氯农药微生物降解技术研究进展

文章综述了有机氯农药的污染化学特征、环境介质中的分布水平、降解功能微生物的种类以及典型有机氯农药的降解途径等,并对有机氯农药微生物降解相关的酶和基因以及降解机理进行了重点讨论。参与有机氯农药微生物降解过程的酶主要有脱氯化氢酶、水解酶和脱氢酶三种,它们通过共代谢,中间协同代谢或矿化等作用完成降解过程。相关降解基因主要是Lin家族基因,包括LinA～LinJ的10个典型功能基因编码。微生物降解有机氯农药的机理主要包括矿化作用、共代谢作用、种间协同代谢作用、活化作用和间接作用等,其中矿化过程包括氧化、还原、水解、脱水、脱卤和裂解等生化反应。由于有机氯农药的持久性和广泛污染性,其降解机理及中间产物的类型、毒性以及新型降解菌的效能开发仍是该领域今后的研究重点。     

基于密集度试验的单兵火箭贮存可靠性研究

立靶密集度是单兵火箭的重要战术技术指标,文中通过对某型单兵火箭进行立靶密集度试验,得到了某型单兵火箭的贮存可靠性数据。数据表明贮存期内虽然产生了老化现象,但并未对立靶密集度产生影响,同时分析了影响该项指标的薄弱环节,为提高单兵火箭质量管理水平提供了重要依据。     

How percentage-protected targets can support positive biodiversity outcomes

Global targets for the percentage area of land protected, such as 30% by 2030, have gained increasing prominence, but both their scientific basis and likely effectiveness have been questioned. As with emissions-reduction targets based on desired climate outcomes, percentage-protected targets combine values and science by estimating the area over which conservation actions are required to help achieve desired biodiversity outcomes. Protected areas are essential for achieving many biodiversity targets, in part because many species are highly sensitive to human-associated disturbance. However, because the contribution of protected areas to biodiversity outcomes is contingent on their location, management, governance, threats, and what occurs across the broader landscape matrix, global percentage-protected targets are unavoidably empirical generalizations of ecological patterns and processes across diverse geographies. Percentage-protected targets are insufficient in isolation but can complement other actions and contribute to biodiversity outcomes within a framework that balances accuracy and pragmatism in a global context characterized by imperfect biodiversity data. Ideally, percentage-protected targets serve as anchors that strengthen comprehensive national biodiversity strategies by communicating the level of ambition necessary to reverse current trends of biodiversity loss. If such targets are to fulfill this role within the complex societal process by which both values and science impel conservation actions, conservation scientists must clearly communicate the nature of the evidence base supporting percentage-protected targets and how protected areas can function within a broader landscape managed for sustainable coexistence between people and nature. A new paradigm for protected and conserved areas recognizes that national coordination, incentives, and monitoring should support rather than undermine diverse locally led conservation initiatives. However, the definition of a conserved area must retain a strong focus on biodiversity to remain consistent with the evidence base from which percentage-protected targets were originally derived.     

Effects of different concentrations of tetracycline and oxytetracycline on the growth and ecotoxicity in lettuce北大核心CSCD

四环素类抗生素(TCs)是目前我国应用广泛、用量最大的一类抗生素,畜禽粪便和土壤中存在TCs残留,影响蔬菜作物的生长发育. TCs因水溶性较高更容易被植物转运和积累,植物对TCs耐受性机理研究仍不足.为更全面探究土壤TCs对蔬菜的毒性作用,研究不同浓度四环素(TC)和土霉素(OTC)分别对生菜的抗生素残留、生长特征及抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果显示,在0(对照)、2、10、50、250 mg/kg 5个施用水平下,生菜叶片抗生素含量逐渐增加,且土霉素含量始终大于四环素含量.与对照相比,抗生素浓度在50 mg/kg以上时对生菜生长具有显著抑制作用,其中,株高、根长、地上部和地下部鲜重与叶片TC残留量具显著负相关.生菜叶片的脯氨酸含量随浓度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在10 mg/kg时达到最大.并且低浓度(2 mg/kg)促进抗氧化酶基因SOD、POD21和CAT的表达,高浓度抗生素(50、250 mg/kg)对其产生抑制作用,10 mg/kg的抗生素处理对SOD、POD21和CAT基因表达的影响在抗生素种类上存在差异.本研究表明抗生素浓度超过50 mg/kg对生菜生长产生抑制作用,脯氨酸和抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT的转录水平及其酶活性能快速响应抗生素胁迫,可作为生菜对抗生素抗性的辅助评价指标.(图8表3参19)     

Identification and expression analysis of the HvENOD93 gene family in barley北大核心CSCD

早期结瘤素93(ENOD93)蛋白在植物根瘤形成初期扮演着重要的角色.基于大麦基因组信息鉴定大麦ENOD93基因家族成员,分析其理化特性、进化关系、基因结构、蛋白质结构和启动子顺式作用元件;并分析ENOD93家族在不同组织和不同基因型(籽粒大小)的表达情况.结果显示,大麦ENOD93基因家族有16个成员,均含有ENOD93基因家族特有的保守结构域;编码区长度在207-627 bp之间,外显子数量有1-4个,平均2.75个,且大部分位于细胞膜上;进化树结果表明与水稻、小麦和玉米等禾本科植物ENOD93基因的亲缘关系较近;启动子顺式元件主要有植物生长发育响应元件、胁迫响应元件以及激素响应元件;大部分HvENOD93基因在灌浆期籽粒和大粒材料中表达量较高.推测大麦HvENOD93基因在籽粒大小形成中起关键性作用;另外,结合其他物种相关基因研究结果,共筛选出3个同源基因.(图4表2参45)     

供水项目节能评估相关问题探讨

节能评估和审查已成为项目审批的前置条件。由于供水项目节能评估开展不久,缺乏相应的行业能耗标准和规范,现有的节能评估文件中存在一些误区。针对供水项目的特点,重点对节能评估中耗能量计算和基于节能的供水综合单位电耗等问题进行探讨,并从节能的角度出发,提出选泵和能耗统计方面的相关建议。     

应用VSD动态酸化模型确定区域酸沉降控制目标研究

为了控制区域酸沉降污染,需要制定科学的区域大气酸沉降控制目标.本研究建立了应用VSD动态模型的多点位模拟和累积频率分布曲线统计方法,通过模拟各酸沉降情景下某一目标年区域内土壤理化特性的变化确定其酸沉降控制目标.将此方法应用于广州-东莞-惠州地区,在现场测量区域内25点位土壤特征的基础上,应用VSD模型模拟各点位土壤特征对酸沉降的响应,再将模拟结果绘制成累积频率分布曲线,据此确定该区域酸沉降控制目标.结果表明,单独控制S沉降时,若使得该区域生态保护率达到80%,则短期和长期S沉降的控制目标分别为7.68~12g/(m2×a)和10.24~16g/(m2×a);若生态保护率为95%,短期和长期S沉降控制目标分别为5.12~8g/(m2×a)和7.68~12g/(m2×a).同时控制S和BC沉降时,若生态保护率为80%,当BC沉降为6.4~12.8g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为2.56~4g/(m2×a)和5.12~8g/(m2×a);当BC沉降为4.8~9.6g/(m2×a)时,S的控制目标为2.56~4g/(m2×a).若生态保护率为95%,当BC沉降为6.4~12.8g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为0.64~1g/(m2×a)和5.12~8g/(m2×a);当BC沉降为4.8~9.6g/(m2×a)时,短期和长期S的控制目标分别为0.64~1g/(m2×a)和2.56~4g/(m2×a);当BC沉降量降至2~4g/(m2×a),则80%和95%生态保护率下的S控制目标均为0.64~1g/(m2×a).