淮河干流基于生态流量的目标鱼类选择研究

基于目标物种的生境需求,确定合理的生态流量过程对河流生态系统保护和修复至关重要.与以往主观选择珍稀鱼类或者主要经济鱼类作为推求生态流量的目标物种不同,从产卵环境和摄食环境等方面对淮河干流目标鱼类的筛选进行研究,运用层次分析法构建判断矩阵,计算各备选鱼类的排序权值,筛选淮河干流对生境要求具有代表性的目标鱼类.结果表明,鳊鱼对淮河干流水生生物的生境需求具有较好代表性,可作为淮河干流生态流量估算的目标鱼类.本研究为缺失珍稀特有物种的河流如何选择用于生态流量计算的目标生物,提供了一种有效的方法.     

铜绿假单胞菌NY3及其突变株好氧降解四溴双酚A特性研究

为明确铜绿假单胞菌NY3 2个烷羟化酶基因alk B1和alk B2基因在该菌代谢四溴双酚A中的作用,研究了野生NY3菌及其突变菌株(NB1D、NB2D及NB12DD)对四溴双酚A好氧降解特性.研究表明,NY3、NB1D、NB2D及NB12DD菌株均能以四溴双酚A为单一碳源和能源进行生长,并对四溴双酚A进行一定程度上的降解.NY3菌中alk B1基因和alk B2基因的缺失对NY3菌株在四溴双酚A中的生长有抑制作用,而且alk B1基因和alk B2基因在NY3菌降解四溴双酚A中起一定的作用,但不完全,说明NY3菌中还存在其他影响四溴双酚A降解的基因.缺失alk B2基因的突变株NB2D在高浓度的四溴双酚A溶液中降解转化率最少,说明alk B2基因的缺失,对NY3菌降解高浓度四溴双酚A碳源更重要.加入同一易降解共代谢碳源,野生株NY3菌及其各突变株生长特性无明显差异,然而,因共存碳源种类不同,同一菌株细胞生长量、对四溴双酚A降解及其脱溴效率等特性差别明显.加最佳共代谢碳源乳酸钠的体系内,突变株NB2D存在下易积累中间产物3,3',5-三溴双酚A和2-溴-4(异丙基-溴苯)-苯酚等直接脱溴产物,说明alk B1基因可能为NY3菌株代谢四溴双酚A脱溴时的关键基因.     

Optimization of the T3-induced Xenopus metamorphosis assay for detecting thyroid hormone signaling disruption of chemicals

T3-induced Xenopus metamorphosis is an ideal model for detecting thyroid hormone(TH)signaling disruption of chemicals. To optimize the T3-induced Xenopus assay and improve its sensitivity and reproducibility, we intend to develop quantitatively morphological endpoints and choose appropriate concentrations and exposure durations for T3 induction.Xenopus laevis at stage 52 were exposed to series of concentrations of T3(0.31–2.5 nmol/L)for 6 days. By comparing morphological changes induced by T3, we propose head area,mouth width, unilateral brain width/brain length, and hindlimb length/snout-vent length as quantitative parameters for characterizing T3-induced morphological changes, with body weight as a parameter for indicating integrated changes. By analyzing time-response curves, we found that following 4-day exposure, T3-induced grossly morphological changes displayed linear concentration–response curves, with moderate morphological changes resulting from 1.25 nmol/L T3 exposure. When using grossly morphological endpoints to detect TH signaling disruption, we propose 4 days as exposure duration of T3, with concentrations close to 1.25 nmol/L as induction concentrations. However, it is appropriate to examine morphological and molecular changes of the intestine on day 2 due to their early response to T3. The quantitative endpoints and T3 induction concentrations and durations we determined would improve the sensitivity and the reproducibility of the T3-induced Xenopus metamorphosis assay.     

上海市海绵城市水环境绩效评价指标研究

针对上海市中心城区排水系统特征与主要水环境问题,对海绵城市水环境绩效评价指标的可操作性进行了讨论.目前考核指标有一定的指导性,但过于笼统,对实际监测评价工作的指导性不强.无论何种排水模式,雨水最终经排水系统进入受纳水体.从考核可量化、可操作、可比较出发,在现有监测网络不完善、监测方法难落实的情况下,针对已有设施,在其服务范围所处的排水系统,建议以年度单位降雨放江水量为绩效评价的定量指标.     

培养条件下双酚A对稻田土壤微生物群落特征的影响

双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)作为人工合成的典型环境激素分布极为广泛,然而不同浓度和土壤通气条件下BPA对土壤微生物群落(细菌、真菌)特征的影响鲜见报道.本文采用荧光定量PCR(fluorescence quantitative PCR)技术、聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)相结合的方法研究不同BPA浓度(0、0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00 mg·kg-1)和土壤通气条件(有氧和厌氧)对稻田土壤微生物群落特征的影响。结果表明,土壤通气条件一致情况下(有氧条件或者厌氧条件下),不同BPA浓度添加下微生物丰度指数差异显著,而微生物均匀度指数、香农维纳多样性指数及丰富度指数差异不显著;BPA浓度为0.50 mg·kg-1时,微生物基因丰度在厌氧条件下达到最大值,而在有氧条件下微生物基因丰度却达到最小值;双因素方差分析表明:BPA浓度、土壤通气条件及其交互作用对细菌基因丰度影响差异显著,而只有土壤通气条件对真菌基因丰度影响差异显著.结果表明相对于微生物多样性指数,丰度指数能更加灵敏地指示土壤微生物多样性的变化,BPA浓度为0.50 mg·kg-1时是影响土壤微生物基因丰度变化的一个临界值,相对于真菌基因丰度指数而言,细菌基因丰度指数对BPA添加浓度及土壤通气条件响应更加灵敏.     

Non-invasive prenatal detection of achondroplasia in size-fractionated cell-free DNA by MALDI-TOF MS assay

Achondroplasia is the most common form of short-limbed dwarfism in humans and is caused by mutations in the FGFR3 gene. Currently, prenatal diagnosis of this disorder relies on invasive procedures. Recent studies have shown that fetal single gene point mutations could be detected in cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) from maternal plasma by either the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) assay with single allele base extension reaction (SABER) approach or the size fractionation of cf-DNA in maternal plasma. Here, we combined the two approaches to non-invasively examine the fetal G1138A mutation in maternal plasma. cf-DNA was extracted from maternal plasma samples obtained from two pregnant women at risk for achondroplasia. The fetal G1138A mutation was determined by the analysis of size-fractionated cf-DNA in maternal plasma using MALDI-TOF MS with SABER approach and homogenous MassEXTEND (hME) assay, respectively. The fetal G1138A mutation was detectable in the two achondroplasia-affected pregnancies by the analysis of cf-DNA in maternal plasma using MALDI-TOF MS. However, the size-fractionation approach led to a more precise detection of the fetal mutation in both analyses. This analysis would be suitable for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of diseases caused by fetal single gene point mutations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal diagnosis of free sialic acid storage disorders (SASD)

Free sialic acid storage disorders, Salla disease (SD) and Infantile sialic acid storage disease (ISSD), are lysosomal storage diseases due to impaired function of a sialic acid transporter, sialin, at the lysosomal membrane. Several mutations of the sialin gene, SLC17A5, are known, leading either to the severe neonatal/infantile disease or to the milder, adult-type developmental disorder, Salla disease. Free sialic acid accumulation in lysosomes causes increased tissue concentration and consequently elevated urinary excretion. Prenatal diagnosis of SASD is possible either by determination of free sialic acid concentration or by mutation analysis of the SLC17A5 gene in fetal specimen, in chorionic villus biopsy particularly. Both techniques have been successfully applied in several cases, sialic acid assay more often in ISSD cases but mutation analysis preferentially in SD. Sialic acid assay of amniotic fluid supernatant or cultured amniotic fluid cells may give erroneous results and should not be used for prenatal diagnosis of these disorders. The present comments are mainly based on our experience of prenatal diagnosis of SD in Finnish families. A founder mutation in SLC17A5 gene, 115C-> T, represents 95% of the disease alleles in the Finnish SD patients, which provides a unique possibility to apply mutation analysis. Therefore, molecular studies have successfully been used in 17 families since the identification of the gene and the characterization of the SD mutations. Earlier, eight prenatal studies were performed by measuring the free sialic acid concentration in chorionic villus samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monitoring Change in Vertebrate Abundance: the Living Planet Index

Abstract:  The task of measuring the decline of global biodiversity and instituting changes to halt and reverse this downturn has been taken up in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 target. It is an undertaking made more difficult by the complex nature of biodiversity and the consequent difficulty in accurately gauging its depletion. In the Living Planet Index, aggregated population trends among vertebrate species indicate the rate of change in the status of biodiversity, and this index can be used to address the question of whether or not the 2010 target has been achieved. We investigated the use of generalized additive models in aggregating large quantities of population trend data, evaluated potential bias that results from collation of existing trends, and explored the feasibility of disaggregating the data (e.g., geographically, taxonomically, regionally, and by thematic area). Our results show strengths in length and completeness of data, little evidence of bias toward threatened species, and the possibility of disaggregation into meaningful subsets. Limitations of the data set are still apparent, in particular the dominance of bird data and gaps in tropical-species population coverage. Population-trend data complement the longer-term, but more coarse-grained, perspectives gained by evaluating species-level extinction rates. To measure progress toward the 2010 target, indicators must be adapted and strategically supplemented with existing data to generate meaningful indicators in time. Beyond 2010, it is critical a strategy be set out for the future development of indicators that will deal with existing data gaps and that is intricately tied to the goals of future biodiversity targets.