不同基模势下luxAB标记的弗氏中华根瘤菌在土壤中的存活能力

经接合转移将luxAB基因插入弗氏中华根瘤菌（Rhizobium fredii)染色体,取可高效结瘤固氮的R fredii lux3菌株用于分子生态学研究,在不同基模势下,研究了lux3在土壤中的存活,基模势为－30和－750kPa时,lux3在灭菌土中的存活能力明显（P＜0．05）高于未灭菌土,当基模势为－1500kPa时,土壤是否灭菌对lux3的存活影响没有差异,不同基模势对lux3活性影响显著,在－1500kPa的未灭菌土中随着饥饿时间的延长,可恢复活性的细菌数量显著下降,比较了测定微生物活性的3种方法（即脱氢酶活性,生物发光和微生物呼吸）,发光值变化与活细胞密度变化一致。     

黑曲霉(ASPERGILLUS NIGER)SG株三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因的分离与初步鉴定

黑曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｕｓｎｉｇｅｒ）在工业生产和科学研究中占有重要地位,因为许多黑曲霉菌株能产生有机酸和酶制剂,并能分泌大量蛋白质到细胞外［１,６］．三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶（Ｇｌｙｃｅｒａｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ３ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｄｅｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎａ...     

中国城市PM2.5空气质量改善分阶段目标研究

中国城市细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))空气质量达标率低,且城市间的污染程度差异较大。为了整体改善PM_(2.5)空气质量,需要针对不同污染程度的城市,制定分阶段改善目标加以考核和管理,研究探讨了城市PM_(2.5)空气质量改善目标体系及不同污染程度城市各阶段目标值。首先运用文献综述法、国内外对比分析法梳理评述了WHO、欧美等发达国家PM_(2.5)的空气质量标准和达标要求,提出中国城市PM_(2.5)空气质量改善的考核目标体系,包括PM_(2.5)浓度目标值或下降率、严重污染天数上限、达标天数下限等指标。通过历史数据分析法研究了2000—2013年美国、日本一些城市和2013—2016年中国74个环保城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度的变化趋势,推论出中国城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度年均下降5%~8%是可能实现的;结合环境保护部及各省市PM_(2.5)污染防治规划,提出PM_(2.5)空气质量改善目标的设定原则和达标天数的回归计算方法;以2014年114个城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度为基数,计算得出不同污染程度城市2020、2025、2030年PM_(2.5)年均浓度年下降率和达标天数的目标值。     

中国“十三五”时期省际碳减排目标的效率分配

首先,将"零和收益"的博弈思想引入到SBM模型中,构建了基于零和收益的碳减排SBM效率分配模型(ZSG-SBM)。然后,基于"十三五"规划中我国整体碳强度降低18%的减排约束,从经济增速和能源消费结构2个维度设置了"十三五"期间我国经济系统的4种发展情景,应用上述ZSG-SBM模型对碳减排目标进行了省际层面的效率分配。并通过对比各省经济发展现状和碳减排目标的分配结果,分析了各省的低碳经济发展路径。结果表明:采用ZSG-SBM模型对碳排放量进行效率分配后,30个省份的投入、产出指标实现了有效配置,碳排放效率到达效率前沿。政府基于"公平"导向的行政分配方案会造成一定程度的效率损失,基于ZSG-SBM模型的效率分配方案更符合低碳经济的长远发展要求。在碳强度约束的基础上,能源强度的再约束将迫使各省优化能源消费结构,从而提升我国整体碳排放效率。"十三五"时期,我国有16个省份的碳减排目标分配结果大于18%的平均标准,各省应根据自身资源禀赋、经济水平、产业结构和能源消费结构的现状选择差异的低碳经济发展道路。     

氨态氮对菲律宾蛤仔毒理机制研究的内参基因筛选

为了准确和系统地分析NH_3-N对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)毒性的分子机制,并对相关基因的转录组学数据进行验证,利用ge Norm和Normfinder这2种软件,以暴露30 d中不同时间点的鳃组织c DNA为模板,从18S r RNA(18S)、beta-actin(Actin)、beta-tubulin(Tubu)、elongation factor 1-alpha(EF1α)、cyclophilin A(Cy PA)、Ubiquitin(Ub)等6个备选管家基因中,筛选可以稳定表达的内参基因,作为转录组学分析的内参基因。以稀释50倍的鳃组织c DNA模板作为检测模板,ge Norm软件分析获得6对备选内参基因的表达稳定性依次为:EF1αCy PAActinTubuUb18S,较优内参为EF1α和Cy PA;Norm Finder软件分析获得6对备选内参基因的表达稳定性为:EF1αActinTubuCy PAUb18S,最优内参基因为EF1α。为了验证上述筛选结果,分别以EF1α和Cy PA作为内参基因研究unigene1的表达趋势,发现以EF1α为内参基因时,unigene1的q RT-PCR的表达趋势与其转录组表达倍数的变化趋势一致。因此确定NH_3-N暴露菲律宾蛤仔后,鳃组织中表达最为稳定的内参基因为EF1α。     

Long-term dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in surface and subsurface soil in an agricultural field as a response to atrazine applications

The dynamics of the atrazine mineralization potential in agricultural soil was studied in two soil layers (topsoil and at 35-45 cm depth) in a 3 years field trial to examine the long term response of atrazine mineralizing soil populations to atrazine application and intermittent periods without atrazine and the effect of manure treatment on those processes. In topsoil samples, ¹⁴C-atrazine mineralization lag times decreased after atrazine application and increased with increasing time after atrazine application, suggesting that atrazine application resulted into the proliferation of atrazine mineralizing microbial populations which decayed when atrazine application stopped. Decay rates appeared however much slower than growth rates. Atrazine application also resulted into the increase of the atrazine mineralization potential in deeper layers which was explained by the growth on leached atrazine as measured in soil leachates recovered from that depth. However, no decay was observed during intermittent periods without atrazine application in the deeper soil layer. atzA and trzN gene quantification confirmed partly the growth and decay of the atrazine degrading populations in the soil and suggested that especially trzN bearing populations are the dominant atrazine degrading populations in both topsoil and deeper soil. Manure treatment only improved the atrazine mineralization rate in deeper soil layers. Our results point to the importance of the atrazine application history on a field and suggests that the long term survival of atrazine degrading populations after atrazine application enables them to rapidly proliferate once atrazine is again applied.     

The politics of climate change policy design in Korea

The climate change policy design of the Lee Myung-bak administration was the outcome of interest group politics around the greenhouse gas and energy target management scheme, carbon taxes, and the emission-trading scheme. Using qualitative methods, this research examines powerful stakeholders and their interests at play in Korea’s climate change policymaking processes. It also links the political economy of climate change policy to the legacy of the ‘developmental state’ and examines environmental developmentalism in the design of the three climate change policies. The Lee administration strongly promoted environmental developmentalism, which created a new growth engine in an environmental field, while bolstering manufacturing businesses and excluding the views of environmental non-governmental organisations from the target-management and the emission-trading schemes. The Lee administration also sought to facilitate pro-business measures such as low taxes, which led it to reject a carbon tax. Therefore, environmental developmentalism was central to the politics of the Lee administration’s climate change policy design.     

Cow excrements enhance the occurrence of tetracycline resistance genes in soil regardless of their oxytetracycline content

Fertilizing soils with animal excrements from farms with common antibiotic use represents a risk of disseminating antibiotic resistance genes into the environment. In the case of tetracycline antibiotics, it is not clear, however, whether the presence of antibiotic residues further enhances the gene occurrence in manured soils. We established a microcosm experiment in which 3 farm soils that had no recent history of fertilization with animal excrements were amended on a weekly basis (9 times) with excrements from either an oxytetracycline-treated or an untreated cow. Throughout the study, the concentration of oxytetracycline in excrements from the treated cow was above 500 μg g⁻¹ dw, whereas no oxytetracycline was detected in excrements from the healthy cow. Both excrements contained tetracycline resistance (TC-r) genes tet(L), tet(M), tet(V), tet(Z), tet(Q) and tet(W). The excrements from the treated cow also contained the tet(B) gene, and a higher abundance of tet(Z), tet(Q) and tet(W). Three weeks after the last excrement addition, the individual TC-r genes differed in their persistence in soil: tet(Q) and tet(B) were not detectable while tet(L), tet(M), tet(Z) and tet(W) were found in all 3 soils. There were, however, no significant differences in the total number, nor in the abundance, of TC-r genes between soil samples amended with each excrement type. The oxytetracycline-rich and the oxytetracycline-free excrement therefore contributed equally to the increase of tetracycline resistome in soil. Our results indicate that other mechanisms than OTC-selection pressure may be involved in the maintenance of TC-r genes in manured soils.     

环境因素对不同工艺人工湿地反硝化功能基因丰度影响

反硝化细菌在人工湿地对N元素去除的过程中发挥着关键作用.为了解湿地类型、基质、植被和水力负荷及物理参数对人工湿地反硝化功能细菌丰度的影响,构建了9个不同工艺组合的人工湿地小试装置.利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测湿地基质中反硝化功能基因nirS,nirK和nosZ的丰度.结果显示,湿地中nirS,nirK和nosZ丰度(以每ng总DNA中的拷贝数计)分别为4.88×103～2.13×105 copies/ng,1.2×101 ～ 2.14×103 copies/ng和1.98×103～ 2.09 × 105copies/ng,其中nirS显著高于nirK丰度,nirS丰度与湿地出水的pH显著正相关.分析湿地4种设计参数对反硝化功能基因丰度的影响程度,结果显示,对nirS丰度影响程度大小依次为湿地类型＞植被类型＞水力负荷＞基质类型,水平潜流和上行垂直流人工湿地中nirS丰度显著高于下行垂直流人工湿地,无植物人工湿地nirS丰度显著高于有植物人工湿地;对nirK丰度影响程度大小依次为湿地类型＞植被类型＞基质类型＞水力负荷,水平潜流人工湿地nirK丰度显著高于下行垂直流湿地;对nosZ丰度影响程度大小依次为湿地类型＞水力负荷＞植被类型＞基质类型,但影响都不显著.     

2℃和1.5℃目标对中国国家自主贡献和长期排放路径的影响

在《巴黎协定》设置的混合减排机制下,中国的INDC尽管自主提出,但也受全球气候目标及全球减排进展的影响。本文基于气候公平的不同原则,建立了公平分配未来碳排放空间的综合性框架,并利用最新情景研究数据,分析了2℃和1.5℃目标对中国INDC力度以及长期排放路径的影响。研究结果表明:第一,相比2℃目标,1.5℃目标对本世纪内全球累积碳排放空间、关键时点的减排目标、近期减排力度以及碳中和时间等都提出了更高要求。第二,根据公平分配方案的评估结果表明,2℃目标下,中国现有INDC在责任方案下能够满足减排要求,而在其他方案下存在排放差距。而在1.5℃目标下,中国在四个方案下均无法满足减排要求,且排放差距进一步扩大。第三,2℃和1.5℃目标对中国确定长期排放目标以及碳中和时间,也会产生显著影响。相比2℃目标,1.5℃目标下,中国2050年排放相对2010年下降率需要再增加约15个百分点,实现碳中和的时间需要提前15年左右。因此,中国需要根据公平分配研究给出的提高INDC力度要求的区间,提前准备《巴黎协定》后关于全球盘点和INDC更新议题新一轮谈判的应对策略,同时应尽早启动制定长期低碳发展战略的政策研究进程。