The effectiveness of surrogate taxa to conserve freshwater biodiversity

Establishing protected areas has long been an effective conservation strategy and is often based on readily surveyed species. The potential of any freshwater taxa to be a surrogate for other aquatic groups has not been explored fully. We compiled occurrence data on 72 species of freshwater fishes, amphibians, mussels, and aquatic reptiles for the Great Plains, Wyoming (U.S.A.). We used hierarchical Bayesian multispecies mixture models and MaxEnt models to describe species’ distributions and the program Zonation to identify areas of conservation priority for each aquatic group. The landscape‐scale factors that best characterized aquatic species’ distributions differed among groups. There was low agreement and congruence among taxa‐specific conservation priorities (<20%), meaning no surrogate priority areas would include or protect the best habitats of other aquatic taxa. Common, wideranging aquatic species were included in taxa‐specific priority areas, but rare freshwater species were not included. Thus, the development of conservation priorities based on a single freshwater aquatic group would not protect all species in the other aquatic groups.     

A method to estimate pre-exploitation population size

Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) were commercially exploited on the subantarctic island of South Georgia for over 100 years and nearly driven to extinction. Since the cessation of harvesting, however, their populations have rebounded, and they are now often considered a nuisance species whose impact on the terrestrial landscape should be mitigated. Any evaluation of their current population requires the context provided by their historic, pre-exploitation abundance, lest ecologists fall prey to shifting baseline syndrome in which their perspective on current abundance is compared only with an altered state resulting from past anthropogenic disturbance. Estimating pre-exploitation abundance is critical to defining species recovery and setting recovery targets, both of which are needed for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's recent efforts to develop a green list of recovering species. To address this issue, we reconstructed the South Georgia fur seal harvest from 1786 to 1908 from ship logbooks and other historical records and interpolated missing harvest data as necessary with a generalized linear model fit to the historical record. Using an approximate Bayesian computation framework, harvest data, and a stochastic age-structured population model, we estimated the pre-exploitation abundance of Antarctic fur seals on South Georgia was 2.5 million females (95% CI 1.5–3.5 million). This estimate is similar to recent abundance estimates, and suggests current populations, and the ecological consequences of so many fur seals on the island, may be similar to conditions prior to human harvest. Although the historic archive on the fur sealing era is unavoidably patchy, the use of archival records is essential for reconstructing the past and, correspondingly, to understanding the present. Article impact statement: Defining species recovery requires an understanding of baseline population state, which can be estimated through statistical methods.     

从环境-社会系统的角度看"建设和谐社会"

环境-社会系统的三元结构是指人、社会和自然三元。可持续发展取决于对这三元运动机制的协调。从环境-社会系统的视角看。可持续发展是指通过三种生产的和谐运行与环境—社会系统的稳定演进．获得“经济-社会-环境”整体的高效益。人类社会发展的两大基本矛盾是资源生产的矛盾和资源配置的矛盾．因此。建设和谐社会的关键在于：在争取“人-社会-自然”和谐演进的前提下。处理好人与社会、人与自然、自然与社会以及自然的、社会的方方面面的“关系”。     

三峡库区大农业的自然环境现状与预警分析

根据系统序化的观点，分析了库区大农业主要环境因子的具有代表性指标的数量和警式线，并进行了对比，发现它们都处地逆向演替或退化之中。这对三峡水库和库区大农业均十分有害。说明库区大农业的环境恶劣或恶化，应处于警式状态之中。其主要原因是长期向自然过度索取，以牺牲环境为代价，发展人口和物质的生产。建议进一步研究大农业及其环境的调控；把对环境的逐步补救和防止新的破坏结合起来，开展新的生态建设工程。     

中国农村人口问题与中国可持续发展

中国人口问题是中国可持续发展面临的首要问题。中国13亿人口中约有9亿是农村人口。因此所谓“中国人口问题”根本上是中国农村人口问题。人口为什么会成为一个“问题”则是关注的焦点。通过对人口问题本质进行剖析发现。研究人口问题必须着眼予人与自然的关系以及人与社会的关系。而解决中国的人口“问题”则必须着眼于农村人口生存方式的改变。从当前我国农村人口的生存方式和状况来看。中国的农村人口问题折射在农业、农村问题上。故统称为“三农”问题。为此，着眼于中国可持续发展提出解决中国农村人口问题的途径和建议。     

用全热解石墨管和混合基体改进剂测定环境样品中锶

本文使用含锶空白纸、灵敏度高、记忆效应小的全热解石墨管测定环境样中的锶，提出一种新混合改进剂（钯加酒石酸），能有效消除高氯酸、硝酸以及各种基体的干扰，比较了各原子化温度时理论和实验特征量，使全热解石墨管有可能用于石墨炉原子吸收法测定各种环境样品中的锶，准确度和精度优于５％。     

Fundamental Species Niche: Mechanism of Formation and Ecological Significance

Evolutionary stasis, or the long-term (over hundreds of thousands or even millions of years) existence of species in a phenotypically unchanging state, is conditioned by a counterbalance of directional selection vectors acting in opposition to one another. Fluctuations of living conditions for a species, leading to partial and often reversible disturbances of the counterbalance, lead to the development of redundant functional capacities of organisms. This redundancy determines the boundaries of the fundamental species niche and allows the realized niches of populations to change their spatiotemporal location within these boundaries without disturbing the counterbalance.     

论“限期治理”的法律性质

“限期治理”是我国环境保护法的一项基本制度,文章从四个方面详尽地阐述了“限期治理”决定不是一种行政处罚行为,即“限期治理”决定不具有行政处罚的一般特征;“限期治理”决定并并未对行政管理相对人的权利作任何否定;该决定不会影响行政管理相对人固有权利义务的消长;从“环保法”法典的篇章结构安排上和行政行为的性质上分析,“限期治理”决定也不是一种行政处罚行为。正确理解“限期治理”的法律性质,可以避免对企业行     

近岸海域叶绿素和赤潮的AVHRR波段比值探测方法研究

提供了利用NOAAAVHRR的短波波段探测近岸海域叶绿素和赤潮的方法。本方法采用AVHRR的波段1(580～680nm)和波段2(720～1100nm)之间的比值水色因子C21[C21=(R2-Ra2)/(R1-Ra1)],建立了C21与辽东湾海域现场测定的叶绿素a之间的相关关系,相关系数为0.75。叶绿素a的最小探测浓度为2.22mg/m3,探测精度为±4mg/m3,同时也讨论了叶绿素探测的影响因素。