Comparison of temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ozone Pollution at Ground Level in the Eastern China

Monitoring data from ozone（O3） automatic stations in three typical cities with different climatic areas in the southern and northern parts of eastern China are used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of ozone pollution at ground level. The results show that ozone pollution level has distinct regional differences and the concentration in the suburbs is higher than that in the urban areas. The seasonal variation of ozone concentration in different climatic areas is greatly affected by the variation of precipitation. Ozone concentration in Shenyang and Beijing , in the temperate zone, has one perennial peak concentration, occurring in early summer, May or June. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou, in sub-tropical zone, has two peak values year round. The highest values occur in October and the secondary high value in June. The ozone season in the south is longer than that in the north. The annual average daily peak value of ozone concentrations in different climates usually occur around 3 pm. The diurnal variation range of ozone concentration declines with the increase of latitude. Ozone concentration does not elevate with the increase of traffic flow. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou has a distinct reverse relation to CO and NOx. This complicated non-linearity indicates that the equilibrium of ozone photochemical reaction has regional differences. Exceeding the rate of Beijing＇s lh ozone concentration is higher than that of Guangzhou, whereas the average 8h ozone level is lower than that of Guangzhou, indicating that areas in low latitude are more easily affected by moderate ozone concentrations and longer exposure. Thus, China should work out standards for 8h ozone concentration.     

云南不同类别基本农田土壤环境质量的时空差异

按照《农田土壤环境质量监测技术规范》（NY／T395--2000）,连续3年定点定位监测了云南亚热带干热河谷旱（缓）坡农耕地、中海拔旱（陡）坡农耕地和平坝区蔬菜地土壤环境质量。统计分析了监测结果的时间差异和空间差异。空间差异：旱（陡）坡农耕地〉旱（缓）玻农耕地〉平坝区蔬菜地;时间差异：旱（缓）坡农耕地〉平坝区蔬菜地〉旱（陡）坡农耕地。     

不同孔径排放钻孔有效影响半径的时空响应

针对矿井在施工排放钻孔局部防突措施时,已知排放时间,如何确定排放钻孔孔径和钻孔间距这一难题,提出一种钻屑量和钻屑瓦斯解吸指标现场测试法,结合数值模拟计算,确定不同孔径排放钻孔有效排放半径随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明:同一孔径排放钻孔,随着排放时间的增加,有效排放半径呈幂指数增大;不同孔径排放钻孔,随着排放钻孔直径的增加,有效排放半径呈幂指数增大。研究结论对矿井选取合适的排放钻孔孔径及布置参数具有指导意义。     

Factors affecting vigilance within wild mixed-species troops of saddleback (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Saguinus fuscicollis</Emphasis>) and moustached tamarins (<Emphasis Type="Italic">S. mystax</Emphasis>)

We examine vigilance within a mixed-species troop of saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and moustached (S. mystax) tamarins over a complete year. Saddleback tamarins were consistently more vigilant than moustached tamarins. This may be linked to their preference for lower strata. In accordance with previous studies of other primates, vigilant tamarins of both species were significantly further away from their nearest neighbours, and were also at lower heights in the forest than non-vigilant individuals. There was no observed sex difference in the amount of time spent vigilant. In terms of modes of scanning, the saddleback tamarins looked up significantly more frequently than the moustached tamarins, whereas there was no difference between the species in the frequency of side sweeps. There were no differences between the sexes in the frequencies of either type of vigilant behaviour. The proportion of time spent vigilant was higher than average immediately prior to entering a sleeping site for saddleback tamarins, but not for moustached tamarins. Both species were more vigilant immediately after exiting a sleeping site than at other times of the day. There was significant variation in the amount of time devoted to vigilance over the course of the year. These findings are discussed with respect to the social structure, ecology and main predator threats facing these species.Communicated by D. Watts     

川西亚高山白桦林小气候的时空动态特征

对川西亚高山白桦林(海拔2 540 m)内太阳辐射、空气温湿度以及土壤5 cm和15 cm层温度等进行了连续的定位观测.结果表明:1)林冠下的太阳辐射日进程与林冠上的不同,但辐射强度随着太阳高度角的变化而变化;林冠下太阳辐射日总量不仅受林冠上辐射日总量的影响,也受森林群落生长季节的影响;春、夏和秋季,林冠下平均辐射日总量分别占林冠上平均辐射日总量的53.1%、39.4%和55.8%.2)夏季,白天空气温度高于土壤温度,而夜间则相反;空气温度和土壤温度的日极端温度出现的时间不同步,空气温度对太阳辐射强度的敏感性比土壤温度的敏感性高.3)春季,土壤表层>4℃的积温高于空气和土壤底层>4℃的积温;夏季,>4℃的积温由高到低的次序为:林冠下空气>土壤5 cm层>土壤15 cm层,而秋季的比较结果与之相反;空气日平均温度与土壤日平均温度有显著的线性关系(P<0.001).4)林冠下的空气相对湿度(RH)比林冠上的高,林冠下的空气RH日变幅和季节性变幅比林冠上的小.图7表1参19     

Male approach and female avoidance as mechanisms of population discrimination in sagebrush lizards

Reproductive isolation and speciation can result from female choice for particular males. Isolation can also result, however, from male mating preferences or from aggressive encounters which then influence mating decisions. In this study, we use laboratory discrimination trials to study the behavioral mechanisms of population discrimination in sagebrush lizards (Sceloporus graciosus). We specifically ask three questions about population-level discrimination: (1) Does it vary in strength in relation to the geographic distance between the populations? (2) Is it more apparent in inter- or intra-sexual interactions? (3) Does it take the form of attraction or avoidance? We ran 890 trials that tested the ability of male and female sagebrush lizards from one population to discriminate their own population from four other populations. In addition, we utilized both sequential and simultaneous-choice designs, which enabled us to distinguish between attraction and avoidance. We found that most population-level discrimination was exhibited by male lizards preferring to associate with particular types of females, as well as female avoidance of particular types of males. The strength and direction of both discriminations depended on the populations compared and on whether the tests were conducted as sequential- or simultaneous-choice tests, producing a complex relationship between geographic distance and behavioral discrimination. Our results suggest that there are roles for male attraction and female avoidance in population discrimination, reproductive isolation, and speciation.     

Operational sex ratios and behavioural sex differences in a pipefish population

In the pipefish Syngnathus typhle, only males brood embryos in specially developed brood pouches, supplying oxygen and nutrients. Laboratory studies have shown that this elaborate paternal care has led to sex-role reversal in this species: males limit female reproductive rate, females are the primary competitors for mates and males exercise greater selectivity in accepting mates. In the first field study of this pipefish, we describe mating behaviour in the wild and test the hypothesis that temporal variations in the operational sex ratio (OSR) determine sex differences in mating behaviour. Our study comprised two reproductive seasons of two sequential mating periods each, the latter separated by a lengthy interval of male brooding. During mating periods, females displayed to all males without wandering and males moved about searching for females, without reacting to all females. The OSR was least female-biased (or even male-biased) at the onset of the breeding season, when most pipefish were simultaneously available to mate, but became strikingly female-biased as males' pouches were filled. The OSR remained substantially female-biased during the second mating period, because few males became available to remate at any one time. As hypothesised, female-biased OSRs resulted in more female-female meetings. As well, females were above the eelgrass more often than brooding males, thus exposing themselves to conspecifics and/ or predators. In the second year, males arrived earlier than females on the breeding site and male pregnancies were shorter, because of higher water temperatures, so rematings occurred earlier. Males met more often during that year than the previous one, but male competitive interactions were still not observed. The field results support laboratory studies and demonstrate that behaviours associated with female-female competition are more prominent when the OSR is more female-biased. Correspondence to: A. Vincent     

Concentrations and trends of benzene in ambient air over New York State during 1990–2003

Since 1990s, a systematic program to measure air toxics has been active in New York State with monitors located both in urban and rural areas. In this study we examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of benzene, a known human carcinogen that is emitted by many source categories. The analysis indicates that ambient concentration levels of benzene have decreased by as much as 60% over this period not only in the ozone non-attainment area of New York City that had the reformulated gas (RFG) requirements, but also over the rest of the state as well. Although the rate of decrease appears to have flattened out in recent years, the annual average concentration levels are found to be above the health risk threshold even at the remote location, Whiteface Mountain, suggesting the need for further reductions in benzene emissions.     

全球和东亚地区CH4浓度时空分布特征分析

利用最新的AIRS卫星观测资料分析了2002年12月~2016年11月全球和东亚地区（70°~140°E,10°~55°N）CH₄浓度的时空变化分布特征.研究发现,2003~2016年,全球CH₄年平均浓度从1774.2×10^-9增加到1789.1×10^-9,年增长率约为1.1×10^-9/a;东亚地区CH₄年平均浓度从1811.5×10^-9增加到1841.0×10^-9,年增长率约为2.0×10^-9/a.在美国西南部、南美洲南部、澳大利亚东南部、中国青藏高原和东北地区等地上空,CH₄浓度增幅比较明显,而在北美洲的东北部上空,CH₄浓度出现负增长.北美洲东北部和俄罗斯东部等地上空CH₄浓度的变化与温度变化呈正相关;如在冬季,该地区温度与周围地区相比更低,同时CH₄浓度更低.本文利用近10a的卫星数据获得了CH₄浓度的垂直廓线,显示不同纬度带CH₄浓度均随着高度的升高逐渐减小,且高纬度地区CH₄浓度减小的最快.近年来,在低纬度地区对流层中低层CH₄浓度变化较为明显.在对流层低层（850hPa）,北半球CH₄浓度随着纬度增加逐渐变大;在南半球则随着纬度增加先减小后变大.而在平流层内,CH₄浓度在赤道处最大,且随着纬度的升高逐渐减小.此外,CH₄的浓度分布存在明显的季节变化：在北半球,大部分地区夏季CH₄浓度高于冬季（约20×10^-9~40×10^-9）,但在撒哈拉沙漠和中国新疆塔里木盆地等地区上空,冬季CH₄浓度高于夏季（约40×10^-9~60×10^?9）.在冬季,中国四川西部上空的CH₄浓度要比青藏高原上空高（约100×10^-9~120×10^-9）.     

中国省际间对内开放对驱动工业绿色创新空间趋同的影响

针对我国省际间对内开放度不平衡发展下工业绿色创新可能存在的地区异质性及空间趋同性,构建对内开放度评价指标体系,利用组合评价方法对30个省级单位的对内开放度进行了综合评价,并通过基尼系数等变异指标比较省际间对内开放度的地区差异,利用2005~2014年的省级面板数据建立空间计量模型检验了省际间对内开放度约束下工业绿色创新的空间趋同性.研究发现：我国省际间对内开放度在时间维度上表现出增加-降低的发展特点,而空间维度上存在东高西低的地区异质性特征.其中,东部地区间对内开放度的内部差异最大,西部次之,中部最小.我国整体及东部地区省际间工业绿色创新的分散离散程度将随时间推移而变化,但中西部地区工业绿色创新波动较大,尚需进一步调整改善;我国整体及东中西部地区工业绿色创新均会随时间推移达到一致的长期均衡,并且其邻近地区因经济发展情况、技术环境、研发水平等特征相似而呈现出的长期相互趋同.加速省际间对内开放、提高经济发展水平、适当放宽环境管制政策是促进我国整体和东部地区工业绿色创新能力提升的重要因素;提高经济发展水平和科学适宜的环境管制强度是促进中部和西部地区工业绿色创新能力提升的重要因素.省际间对内开放度的地区异质性来源及省际间对内开放约束下工业绿色创新的空间趋同情况,有利于我国在新经济形势下缩小省际间对内开放差异、加速对内开放,进一步提升工业绿色创新能力.