文化差异与跨文化营销的研究进展

围绕文化差异与跨文化营销的主要研究成果,分析文化差异与跨文化营销研究的兴起情况以及国内外学者对文化差异和跨文化营销的研究的现状.     

Quadratic diversity: Its maximization can reduce the richness of species

In recent decades numerous diversity indices have been introduced. Among them the quadratic entropy index Q expresses the mean difference between two individuals chosen from the community at random. Differing from diversity indices habitually employed, Q does not satisfy a property postulated earlier for those measures. Namely, the uniform distribution of species does not necessarily yield the maximal index value. Q is based on the difference matrix of species. For a given matrix one can seek for the vector yielding the maximum quadratic entropy. This task leads to a quadratic programming problem. Using the appropriate program of a program package, we determined the maximum vector for a genetic difference matrix of crane species, as published in the literature. We discovered that some components (frequencies) in the maximum vector are equal to zero. That is, by maximizing the quadratic diversity some species can be eliminated. We discuss briefly the possible implications of this observation. Moreover, even if all elements in the maximum vector are positive, the elements can differ.     

Size assessment via a visual signal in snapping shrimp

Snapping shrimp are highly aggressive decapod crustaceans, with large, asymmetric chelae. Body size determines the outcome of both inter- and intrasexual interactions. Both the body and chela sizes of mated pairs are correlated, but the body size correlation is significantly stronger. In competitive interactions between individuals of the same sex, larger individuals usually win. Because the size of the major chela is a function of body size in both males and females, chela size could be used to assess body size early in interactions, before engaging in more high risk behaviors. To determine whether the major chela is used in size assessment, I presented shrimp with isolated chelae. Male snapping shrimp responded aggressively to isolated chelae when they were fixed open in a display posture, and the degree of aggressive response depended on the relative size of the chela. These data provide direct experimental evidence for the use of a visual signal in size assessment. Females, in contrast, responded aggressively to both the open and closed chela, and their responses did not depend on relative size. This sex difference in response may be due to differences in the value of certain resources, such as shelters, to males and females: females may be more willing to respond aggressively regardless of the apparent size of their opponent, in order to acquire more reliable information regarding size, motivation or fighting ability. Received: 30 December 1994/Accepted after revision: 14 August 1995     

太湖水域PH3的时空变化特征

以太湖为研究对象 ,考察了富营养化浅水湖泊中磷化氢的时空分布特征 .结果表明 ,湖面大气中PH3 由于受风向、天气等因素的综合作用 ,时空分布规律不太明显 .表层湖水和底层湖水由于受到风浪扰动 ,天气变化和船只等的影响 ,不同采样点PH3 的含量变化不大 .同时 ,PH3 浓度沿湖水垂直梯度方向的变化亦较小 .而过滤湖水与原始湖水中PH3 的时空变化在同一采样点位、同一采样时间 ,原始湖水中PH3 的浓度明显高于过滤湖水中PH3 的浓度 .底泥中PH3 含量的变化可能与湖底氧化还原环境和温度有关 ,对于水体污染比较严重的地方底泥PH3 含量较高 .     

Longitudinal analysis of bioaccumulative contaminants in freshwater fishes

The National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) was initiated in 1967 as a component of the National Pesticide Monitoring program. It consists of periodic collection of freshwater fish and other samples and the analysis of the concentrations of persistent environmental contaminants in these samples. For the analysis, the common approach has been to apply the mixed two-way ANOVA model to combined data. A main disadvantage of this method is that it cannot give a detailed temporal trend of the concentrations since the data are grouped. In this paper, we present an alternative approach that performs a longitudinal analysis of the information using random effects models. In the new approach, no grouping is needed and the data are treated as samples from continuous stochastic processes, which seems more appropriate than ANOVA for the problem.     

香港近海海域叶绿素a定量反演及时空变化分析

以2009~2019年HJ-1A/B卫星多光谱数据和对应日期的实测数据为数据源,通过预处理提取出各波段组合反射率并与实测叶绿素a浓度数据进行统计相关性分析,选取相关性最高的波段组合作为特征变量与2/3的实测叶绿素a浓度数据进行建模,并用剩下的1/3实测叶绿素a浓度数据进行精度验证以确定最佳遥感反演模型,最后根据最佳反演模型对2009-2019年的香港近海海域叶绿素a浓度进行反演,明晰该海域近10年的叶绿素a浓度时空变化特征.结果表明：利用HJ-1A/B卫星多光谱数据反演香港近海海域叶绿素a浓度的最佳波段组合为第3波段和第2波段比值（B3/B2）,相关系数（r）为0.893;最佳反演模型为利用B3/B2构建的e指数回归模型（Chl=0.004e^6.693(B3/B2)）,决定系数（R²）为0.934,均方根误差（RMSE）为0.255μg/L,平均相对误差（RPD）为25%;近10年香港近海海域的叶绿素a浓度时空变化特征：空间上整体呈现“东高西低,由东向西逐渐减小”的分布特征,西部海域比东部海域平均浓度低5μg/L左右;2017年内呈“春低秋高,夏升冬降”的随季节变化特点,其中秋季最高,夏春两季次之,冬季最低.     

C/N对SBR生物脱氮硝化过程微生物结构的动态影响

为揭示碳氮比（C/N）对硝化过程影响的机理本质,试验以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组平行的SBR（R₀、R₅、R₁₀、R₁₅）反应器,基于16S rRNA基因-Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,考察了4种C/N（0、5、10、15）对硝化过程功能微生物组成和结构特征的影响.结果表明：4种C/N条件下,系统均获得了较好的去除氨氮（去除率>95%）和COD（去除率>90%）效果,TN也有不同程度的降低.此外,C/N会显著影响系统内微生物的多样性、种群结构和功能.R₀系统Chao1指数（922）、ACE指数（1232.4）、Shannon指数（6.76）和Simpson指数（0.96）均最大,故微生物多样性最丰富,而R₅的物种丰富度最低.在微生物门水平上,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）等9个相对丰度较高的门是重要的微生物门,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）约全部微生物的40.7%~65.2%,是4个系统中最优势的菌门.硝化过程的关键菌群亚硝化单胞菌科（Nitrosomonadaceae）及硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）的相对丰度表现出随着C/N升高而急剧降低的趋势.基于LEfSe分析共获得了34组具有显著差异的微生物,从而得到了每种C/N条件下在微生物学分类水平上的菌群关键生物标记物.     

湖北省2008~2017年人类活动净氮输入状况

为探究湖北省人类净氮输入状况,本文基于湖北省14个地级市（省直辖县）行政单元统计数据,利用人类活动净氮输入（NANI）模型,核算湖北省2008~2017年的人类活动净氮输入量.结果表明,湖北省10a平均NANI值为15929.43kg/（km²·a）.湖北总NANI值随时间呈现出先增长后下降的趋势,其中2013年达到16959.93kg/（km²·a）.在空间分布上,湖北省中东部地区（襄阳、荆门、荆州、随州、孝感、武汉、鄂州、黄冈、省直辖县）的NANI值显著高于西部地区（十堰、宜昌、恩施自治州）;氮源结构上,氮肥输入（年均贡献比例60.58%）是最大输入项,其次分别为食品/饲料净氮输入（24.85%）、生物固氮（8.16%）、大气氮沉降（6.25%）和种子氮输入（0.18%）.因此,减少化肥投入,提高农业产出投入比,同时合理控制人口密度,是减少区域内净氮负荷量,降低氮素污染的有效措施.     

2016~2018年中国城市臭氧浓度时空聚集变化规律

为揭示中国O₃浓度的时空格局及聚集变化规律,通过对2016~2018年全国338个城市1144个监测站点的O₃浓度观测数据,使用空间插值及空间自相关等方法进行分析研究.结果表明：2016~2018年全国O₃浓度（第90百分位数）总体呈现上升趋势（由2016年的141.54μg/m³上升到2018年的153.21μg/m³）,污染态势逐年加重,且华北及长江中下游等人口稠密地区O₃浓度最高,O₃浓度的空间分布呈现显著的聚集性和相似性规律,且聚集性逐年增强,O₃浓度的年聚集区主要呈现北高南低的分异,高高值聚集区主要集中在北方（城市占比22.19%~29.59%）,低低值聚集区则主要集中在南方（城市占比15.98%~22.19%）,此外,O₃浓度高高值聚集区与低低值聚集区空间分布的季节变化规律以顺时针周期性变化为主：3a来,春季集聚区分布与年集聚情况相同,夏季高高值,低低值聚集区逐渐向西扩大聚集范围,秋季则顺时针转变为东高西低的分异情况,随后高高值（低低值）聚集区沿顺时针方向南（北）移动,到冬季则转变为南高北低的空间分异情况.