广西臭氧时空分布特征及污染天气类型研究

基于2015—2017年广西14个城市环境空气质量日监测数据和相关气象资料,分析了广西O_3时空分布特征,利用主观分型方法归纳了广西O_3污染的典型天气类型。结果表明,广西2015—2017年O_3累积超标天数分别为74,41和89 d,年均值分别为122,120和128μg/m~3,日变化呈现单峰型分布特征,O_3超标占比最高的时段均为4—5月和8—10月; 2017年O_3高值区面积明显增大,呈现连片式的特征;台风外围型(53. 4%)、副高控制型(26. 5%)和冷高压脊变性控制型(16. 7%)是造成广西O_3污染的典型天气类型。广西O_3污染受气象条件影响较大,天气形势变化导致的污染规律较明显。     

Air monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in the Great Lakes: IADN vs. AEOLOS

When designing a monitoring campaign, one has to consider many factors in the decision to perform a long-term synoptic monitoring program or a short-term intensive study. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This paper compares and contrasts the information obtained from two studies conducted on the Laurentian Great Lakes. One, the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN), is a long-term synoptic monitoring study and the other, the Atmospheric Exchange Over Lakes and Oceans (AEOLOS), was a short-term intensive study. The advantages of long-term synoptic monitoring programs are providing greater spatial information, the relative influence of long and short-range transport on the regional background, gross loadings representative of the majority of each lake and long-term temporal trends. Short-term intensive studies provide more information on the processes governing sources, transport and deposition, such as the urban/industrial influence on adjacent large water bodies, specific sources to an urban/industrial area and short-term fluctuations in concentrations due to meteorology, source strength and photochemical reactions. Using information provided by both the IADN and AEOLOS studies, areas of urban influence are predicted for each of the five Great Lakes.     

疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水时空变化特征研究

以疏勒河流域中游绿洲为研究区,借助统计分析法、RS和GIS技术方法,选择1970、1980、1990、2000和2013年疏勒河中游绿洲Landsat TM/ETM影像解译成果作为中游绿洲生态演变研究的基础资料,分析得出各种生态系统覆盖状况.根据疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水特征,建立了基于天然植被、河流、湿地和防治耕地盐碱化的疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水定量化模型,并估算了不同时段不同区域流域中游绿洲生态环境需水量,探讨了疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水时空变化特征,从而为区域水资源合理配置和生态环境协调发展提供参考依据.通过计算得出了疏勒河中游绿洲1970、1980、1990、2000和2013年天然植被、河流基本生态、河流输沙、河流渗漏补给、水面蒸发、湿地生态和防治耕地盐碱化生态环境需水量,同时得出总生态环境需水量分别为17.94×108、7.51×108、6.92×108、6.63×108、5.52×108m3.1970—2013年疏勒河中游绿洲总生态环境需水量呈现逐渐减少趋势,减少了12.42×108m3.1970—2013年疏勒河中游绿洲总生态环境需水量空间变化特征呈现瓜州敦煌玉门,同时各区域生态环境需水量均呈现减少趋势.     

It is time for justice: How time changes what we know about justice judgments and justice effects

Organizational justice is an important determinant of workplace attitudes, decisions, and behaviors. However, understanding workplace fairness requires not only examining what happens but also when it happens, in terms of justice events, perceptions, and reactions. We organize and discuss findings from 194 justice articles with temporal aspects, selected from over a thousand empirical justice articles. By examining temporal aspects, our findings enrich and sometimes challenge the answers to three key questions in the organizational justice literature relating to (i) when individuals pay attention to fairness, including specific facets, (ii) how fairness judgments form and evolve, and (iii) how reactions to perceived (in)justice unfold. Our review identifies promising avenues for empirical work and emphasizes the importance of developing temporal theories of justice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of atmospheric concentrations of currently used pesticides between urban and rural areas during intensive application period in Alsace (France) by using XAD-2® based passive samplers

XAD-2® passive samplers (PAS) have been exposed simultaneously for 14 days on two sites, one rural and one urban, situated in Alsace (East of France) during intensive pesticides application in agriculture (between March and September). PAS have been extracted and analyzed for current-used pesticides and lindane with an analytical method coupling accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC/MS/MS. Results show the detection of pesticides is linked to the period of application and spatial and temporal variabilities can be observed with these PAS during the selected sampling period. The spatial and temporal variability is comparable to the one previously observed by comparing data obtained with PAS with data from Hi.-Vol. samplers in an urban area. Sampling rates were calculated for some pesticides and values are comparable to the data already available in the literature. From these sampling rates, concentrations in ng m^?3 of pesticides in PAS have been calculated and are in the same order of magnitude as those obtained with Hi.Vol. sampling during the same period of time.     

Butterfly community shifts over two centuries

Environmental changes strongly impact the distribution of species and subsequently the composition of species assemblages. Although most community ecology studies represent temporal snap shots, long‐term observations are rather rare. However, only such time series allow the identification of species composition shifts over several decades or even centuries. We analyzed changes in the species composition of a southeastern German butterfly and burnet moth community over nearly 2 centuries (1840–2013). We classified all species observed over this period according to their ecological tolerance, thereby assessing their degree of habitat specialisation. This classification was based on traits of the butterfly and burnet moth species and on their larval host plants. We collected data on temperature and precipitation for our study area over the same period. The number of species declined substantially from 1840 (117 species) to 2013 (71 species). The proportion of habitat specialists decreased, and most of these are currently endangered. In contrast, the proportion of habitat generalists increased. Species with restricted dispersal behavior and species in need of areas poor in soil nutrients had severe losses. Furthermore, our data indicated a decrease in species composition similarity between different decades over time. These data on species composition changes and the general trends of modifications may reflect effects from climate change and atmospheric nitrogen loads, as indicated by the ecological characteristics of host plant species and local changes in habitat configuration with increasing fragmentation. Our observation of major declines over time of currently threatened and protected species shows the importance of efficient conservation strategies.     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Fall-related injuries for three ages groups – Analysis of Swedish registry data 1999–2013

Introduction: The objective of this study was to analyze which factors (including factors pertaining to the individual, the household, and the local area) increase the risk of fall injuries for the three age groups with the highest risk for fall injuries in Sweden. Method: The study combined longitudinal data covering the period 1999–2013 from several different official registries from Statistics Sweden as well as from the Swedish health care system and fitted the models to data using mixed model regressions. Results: Three age groups had a markedly heightened risk for fall injuries: 1–3-year olds, 12–14 year olds, and the elderly (65+). The home was the most common location for fall injuries, as about 40% of all fall injuries occur in the home. Only for the elderly strong predictors for fall injuries were found, and these were: age, single household, and special housing. Conclusions: There is preventive potential in the special residences for the elderly and disabled. People living in these special residences make up a strongly selected group that needs extra safe environments. Our findings indicate that their needs are currently not meet. Practical applications: Design of special residences for the elderly and disabled should aim at reducing the consequences of falling.     

黄土丘陵小流域土地利用的时空分布及其与地形因子的关系

采用航片解读、实地调查、土地规划和基于GIS的统计分析相结合的方法,从土地利用面积和地形分布格局的变化分析入手,研究了黄土丘陵小流域土地利用的时空分布格局及其影响因子。研究结果表明,黄土丘陵区大南沟小流域的土地利用变化可以分成两个阶段,第一阶段从1975、1998年到25°退耕,林地/灌木地面积增加,荒草地、休闲地和耕地的面积减少,果园/经济林地的面积变化不明显;第二阶段即3种土地利用规划方案,包括25°、20°和15°退耕方案,林地/灌木地和荒草地的面积保持不变,耕地和休闲地逐渐被果园/经济林地所替代。汇总与相关分析表明,这5种土地利用类型的地形分布格局也发生相应的变化。研究指出,近20年来,大南沟小流域土地利用格局日趋优化,3种土地利用规划方案体现了土地持续利用的生态、经济和社会效益,具有很强的操作性。