小型养殖塘水体中CH4、CO2和N2O浓度的时空变化特征及影响因素

养殖塘作为重要的温室气体排放源,水体中温室气体浓度的变化不仅是准确量化温室气体排放量的基础,还是明确其影响因素的重要依据.基于顶空平衡-气相色谱仪法对长三角一处典型的小型养殖塘水体中CH₄、CO₂和N₂ O浓度的时空变化特征以及影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,除春季外,在水温影响下,CH₄和N₂ O浓度在午间或午后出现高值;受水温和水生植物光合作用影响,CO₂浓度的高值出现在晨间光合作用较弱的时候.养殖塘水体中CH₄和CO₂浓度呈现秋季最高、冬季最低的季节变化特征,c（CH₄）在秋季和冬季的均值分别为176.34 nmol·L^-1和32.75 nmol·L^-1,主要受气温、水温和溶解氧（DO）影响;c（CO₂）秋季和冬季的均值分别为134.37 μmol·L^-1和23.10 μmol·L^-1,主要受水生植物光合作用和pH影响;c（N₂ O）在夏季最高,冬季最低,均值分别为97.05 nmol·L^-1和19.41 nmol·L^-1,主要受气温和水温影响.在空间上,垂直方向上,夏季养殖塘c（CH₄）随水深的加深而降低,表层与底层、中间层的浓度差值为71.28 nmol·L^-1和42.80 nmol·L^-1,秋季随水深的加深而升高,底层与表层的浓度差值为163.94 nmol·L^-1.c（CO₂）在夏季和秋季都表现为随着水深的加深而升高,其底层与表层的浓度差值分别为18.69 μmol·L^-1和29.90 μmol·L^-1.N₂ O浓度在垂直方向上无明显变化规律.水平方向上,夏季饲料及春季鸡粪投放的区域会出现CH₄、CO₂和N₂ O浓度的高值,春季和夏季CH₄浓度约为其他区域的1.34~1.98倍和1.95~2.42倍,春季N₂ O浓度和夏季CO₂浓度约为其他区域的1.13~1.26倍和1.39~1.74倍.     

Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the humidity index in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Using the daily observation data of meteorological stations from 1961 to 2020, the monthly, seasonal, and annual scales of the humidity indices in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over the past 60 years were calculated, and the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal trends of the humidity indices were analyzed. The results showed that in the past 60 years, the humidity indices of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have shown decreasing trends in most areas, and the most significant decreases were in the summer and autumn. The low-value areas of the humidity indices were mainly distributed in Xinjiang and western Tibet, and the high-value areas were mainly distributed in southeastern Tibet, western Yunnan, and the eastern edge of the western Sichuan Plateau. In terms of temporal trends, the average humidity index in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region has had a significant decreasing trend since the 1980s, and there were abrupt points in autumn and winter in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The annual, spring, and summer humidity indices had abrupt points in 2005. The decreasing trend rate of humidity index in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was 0.008 a-1 from 1961 to 2020. Significant decreasing trends were mainly distributed in southern and eastern Qinghai, Gansu, northern Sichuan Plateau, southwestern Sichuan, Yunnan, and eastern Tibet. In summary, the humidity index of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau showed a distribution characteristic of high in the southeast and low in the northwest and showed a significant decreasing trend from 1961 to 2020. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

浅析攀枝花市2015～2017年气象要素对空气污染的影响

利用2015～2017年攀枝花市污染因子和气象要素实测数据,运用GIS技术、相关分析以及统计分析等方法,分析攀枝花市空气污染因子和气象要素的时空特征及相关性。结果表明:攀枝花市首要污染物为PM₁₀,其次是NO₂;秋冬以PM₁₀和NO₂污染为主,春夏PM₁₀和O₃为主。不同季节,各气象要素对本地空气质量的影响程度及空间分布存在明显差异。弄弄坪一带PM_2.5和SO₂、CO浓度偏高,市中心炳草岗一带PM₁₀、O₃和NO₂浓度偏高。结合本地发展规划和实际情况,根据气象要素分析,为攀枝花市分区分季节的防污减排决策提供气象参考。     

Driver aging and its effect on male and female single-vehicle accident injuries: some additional evidence

INTRODUCTION: This study explores the differences in injury severity between male and female drivers, and across the different age groups, in single-vehicle accidents involving passenger cars. METHOD: Given the occurrence of an accident, separate male and female multinomial logit models of injury severity (with possible outcomes of no injury, injury, and fatality) were estimated for young (ages 16 to 24), middle-aged (ages 25 to 64), and older (ages 65 and older) drivers. RESULTS: The estimation results show statistically significant differences in the factors that determine injury-severity levels between male and female drivers and among the different driver age groups. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss a number of plausible explanations for the observed age/gender differences and provide suggestions for future work on the subject. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: A better understanding of age and gender differences can lead to improvements in vehicle and highway design to minimize driver injury severity. This paper provides some new evidence to help unravel this complex problem.     

我国耕地资源数量安全的时空差异分析

耕地资源数量安全是耕地资源安全非常重要的组成部分，它受到资源禀赋、经济发展水平、管理和政策等因素的影响。本文在分析耕地资源数量安全影响因素的基础上，构建其评价指标体系，并对我国耕地资源数量安全的时空差异规律进行了分析，结果表明。自改革开放以来，我国耕地资源数量安全状况呈先增后减的变化趋势；从安全水平的区域分布来看，北部和西部省份的安全水平普遍高于东部和南部省份，同时发现，区域安全水平与经济发展水平呈负相关关系。     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water (ammonia nitrogen (NH_...     

1961～2010年金沙江流域降水时空演变特征

基于金沙江流域1961~2010年逐日降水资料,对流域长时间尺度降水要素和多个典型降水日数进行分析,研究金沙江流域降水的时空演变特征。结果表明:1961~2010年,金沙江流域年降水量呈一定的增加趋势,但未通过显著性检验,汛期雨量变化趋势不明显,逐月降水除9月和12月外其他月份均呈微弱增加趋势。小雨等级和中雨等级的降水日数空间变化趋势相似,呈中上游地区微弱增加、下游地区微弱减少趋势,大雨及以上等级的降水日数则以微弱增加为主,仅在源区、德格一带呈不明显减少趋势。年无雨日数和年连续无雨日数呈比较明显的中上游地区减少、下游增加趋势,特别是年无雨日数在昭觉、昭通、会泽等区域增加趋势显著,年连续有雨日数则呈全流域减少,在下游小部分地区显著减少。研究还表明金沙江流域下游地区无雨日数及连续无雨日数特别在2000s偏多,而年连续有雨日数则在2000s明显偏少,表明近年来流域下游地区发生干旱事件的可能性增加。     

气候变化下SPEI指数在嘉陵江流域的干旱评估应用

基于嘉陵江流域1962~2010年实测月降水和月平均气温数据,利用不同时间尺度(3、6、9、12个月)的SPI和SPEI指数分析了近50a来流域干旱趋势的时空演变规律。对不同时间尺度的SPI及SPEI指数分析表明,1962~2010年嘉陵江流域整体呈干旱增加趋势,特别是流域西部和北部呈现出明显的干旱增加趋势,而流域东部的干旱增加趋势并不明显,个别站点附近还呈现出微弱的干旱减少趋势。SPI及SPEI指数的变化还表明,嘉陵江流域在大时间尺度上的干旱增加趋势更为明显,大时间尺度的干旱事件主要由降雨量决定,而气温变化对干旱趋势的影响则在小时间尺度上更为显著。此外,对于相同的时间尺度,SPEI指数相较于SPI指数检验出更为明显的干旱增加趋势,表明考虑气温影响的SPEI干旱指数更能够检测干旱事件的变化规律,因此SPEI干旱指数更适用于气候变化条件下流域干旱演变特征分析。     

云南高原楚雄市降水分布与旱涝灾害分析

运用楚雄市1961~2009年的降水量资料,通过统计检验、五点三次滤波法并计算了楚雄降水距平百分率,分析了楚雄市旬、侯、月﹑季、年际降水量变化特征及旱涝灾害的时间分布特征,得出楚雄市49年平均降雨量为867.77 mm,2000~2009年来年平均降雨量为935.57 mm,比49年均值偏高67.8 mm,呈上升趋势。降水主要集中在5~10月,干湿明显,楚雄市冬春干旱年年都有发生,只是程度不同,初夏干旱如遇大气环流异常发生的机率较大,干旱发生连续性较强,洪涝灾害偶有发生。并对旱涝灾害成因进行了分析,提出了旱涝灾害防治基本对策。     

长江三角洲PM2.5质量浓度遥感估算与时空分布特征

卫星遥感反演气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)已被广泛地应用于地面PM2.5遥感监测.为遥感监测长江三角洲地区PM2.5,利用2013年的MODIS/Terra AOT产品,考虑研究区36个空气质量监测站点的风速、温度、湿度和边界层高度等气象条件,构建了基于MODIS AOD产品估算PM2.5的模型.利用17个空气质量监测站点数据对模型进行散点拟合验证,结果表明模型估算精度较高,春夏秋冬4个季节PM2.5质量浓度的模型估算值与地面监测值的相关系数R2值分别为0.45、0.50、0.58和0.52.利用模型估算的长时间序列PM2.5时空分布数据进行时空变化特征分析,结果表明:1 2000~2013年研究区PM2.5质量浓度呈增长趋势,月均增长量为0.047μg·m-3,最大值出现在2月,为(66.2±19.3)μg·m-3,最小值出现在8月,为(22.6±5.9)μg·m-3.2研究区PM2.5质量浓度空间分布差异显著,南部低,北部高,高值主要出现在由上海、杭州和南京构成的三角形区域的城市群中,而低值主要出现在南部远离城市的森林区域.结果表明基于MODIS/Terra AOT产品和地面观测气象数据估算PM2.5的多元线性回归模型能较好地应用于区域PM2.5监测.