洱海上覆水不同形态氮时空分布特征

为研究洱海上覆水各形态氮时空变化特征及其环境效应,收集了1992~2009年洱海上覆水总氮数据,逐月调查了2010年上覆水各形态氮含量.结果表明,1992~2010年洱海上覆水TN含量在0.20~0.67mg/L之间,总体呈上升趋势.2010年上覆水TN年均值为0.57mg/L,DTN为0.41mg/L,NH4+-N为0.17 mg/L,NO3--N为0.086 mg/L,DON为0.15mg/L,颗粒态氮(PN)为0.16mg/L,满足Ⅲ类水体要求;TN、DTN和DON北部最高,NH4+-N和NO3--N中部最高、PN南部最高;上覆水各形态氮年内呈先升后降趋势,TN、DON和PN在7月份达到最高值,DTN和NO3--N在9月份达到最高值,NH4+-N在6月份达到最高值;上覆水TN、DTN、DON和PN垂向分布底层最高,表层次之,温跃层12m处出现峰值.上覆水氮形态时空分布主要受外源氮输入影响,内源氮释放以DON和PN形态为主,NH4+-N和NO3--N分布受水生植物分布影响较大,TN是影响藻类季节性变化的主要因子.洱海营养水平受上覆水氮浓度影响较大,应以控制外源氮输入为重点,特别是雨季之初6、7月份,北部“三江”流域是重点控制区域.     

Characteristics, evolution, and regional differences of biomass burning particles in the Sichuan Basin, China

The Sichuan Basin has experienced serious air pollution from fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in the past few years with biomass burning has been identified as a major source of PM_2.5 in this region. We used single particle aerosol mass spectrometer to investigate the characteristics of biomass burning particles in three interacting cities representing different types of urban environment in the Sichuan Basin. A total of 739,794, 279,610, and 380,636 biomass burning particles were detected at Ya'an, Guang'an, and Chengdu, which represented 42%, 69%, and 61%, respectively, of the total number of particles. We analyzed the chemical composition, transportation, and evolution of biomass burning particles. The contribution of K-elemental carbon and K-secondary inorganic particles was highest in Ya'an (36%) and Guang'an (47%), respectively, reflecting the important role of fresh biomass burning particles and long-distance transport in these two cities. Air masses originating from different directions corresponded to different levels of PM_2.5 and the contributions of polluted clusters increased significantly on polluted days. Fresh and secondary inorganic biomass burning particles increased pollution at Ya'an and Guang'an, respectively, but dominated different stages of pollution in Chengdu. K-nitrate particles were formed by photochemical reactions, whereas K-sulfate particles were formed by both photochemical and liquid-phase reactions. Investigation of the degree of particle aging showed that there were more fresh particles at Ya'an and more aged particles at Guang'an. These results are useful in helping our understanding of the characteristics of biomass burning particles and evaluating their role in PM_2.5 pollution in the Sichuan Basin.     

粤港澳大湾区吸收性气溶胶的解析

为了解粤港澳（Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao,GHM）大湾区气溶胶污染现状,基于OMAERUV日产品数据,对粤港澳大湾区2008~2019年吸收性气溶胶指数（ultraviolet aerosol index,UVAI）的时空分布、未来趋势变化和潜在源区进行了分析,并对其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,GHM大湾区年时间序列上UVAI呈现出下降的趋势,年均下降为2.3%;月时间序列上从春季开始呈现倒"V"形,季节特征春季最高,冬、秋次之,夏季最低;空间上呈现中部区域一直属于高值区,12年年均UVAI高达0.35;UVAI分布在时间序列主要表现为可持续,有82.69%的区域在未来UVAI将呈现下降的趋势;GHM大湾区外部潜在源主要是东部工业产生的碳质源和海洋带来的生物源;UVAI潜在源区春季以碳质源和生物质源为主,夏季以生物质气溶胶源为主,秋季以碳质源占比最大,冬季沙尘性质气溶胶源有所增加;通过相关性分析,气溶胶和PM_2.5之间是相互依附的关系,工业生产活动是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,降水可以降低大气中因工业生成所产生的气溶胶含量,第二产业活动在气温升高的情况下会加快气溶胶的生成.     

三峡库区农林畜复合小流域水体汞的时空变化特征

以三峡库区中农、林、畜均有分布的典型小流域为对象,于2013年3月~2014年3月对流域内不同类型水体总汞(THg)和甲基汞(TMe Hg)时空变化进行为期1 a的系统研究.结果表明,研究区水体THg浓度范围为9.95~15.26 ng·L-1,均值为(11.95±1.87)ng·L-1,不同水体THg浓度大小为裸地养殖废水林地农林混交井水;TMe Hg浓度范围为0.120~0.441 ng·L-1,均值为(0.232±0.099)ng·L-1,不同水体TMe Hg浓度大小为养殖废水农林混交林地裸地井水.井水THg和TMe Hg均以溶解态为主要存在形态,而其余水体THg和TMe Hg则主要以颗粒形态存在.不同类型水体THg浓度分布均表现为冬春季高于夏秋季,而TMe Hg变化则较为复杂,人类活动和气象原因(气温、降雨量等)是造成THg和TMe Hg时空分布差异的主要原因.     

喹诺酮类抗生素在城市典型水环境中的分配系数及其主要环境影响因子

沉积物作为抗生素在水环境中的主要赋存介质,越来越多的研究关注抗生素在水体-沉积物中的分配行为;但此前研究多基于实验室模拟,而在自然水环境中抗生素的分配行为及其与环境因子相关性研究则较少关注.鉴于此,以石家庄市地表水和沉积物为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（HPLC-MS）分析石家庄水环境中喹诺酮类（QNs）抗生素的时空分布特征,计算其在水和沉积物中的分配系数,并确定自然水环境中分配系数的主要环境影响因子.结果表明：①在石家庄市水体和沉积物中QNs含量分别为8.0~4.4×10³ ng·L^-1和16~2.2×10³ ng·g^-1,其中恩诺沙星（ENR）和氧氟沙星（OFL）分别是水体和沉积物中主要的QNs抗生素;②石家庄市水体中QNs总含量呈现12月（1.0×10⁴ ng·L^-1）大于4月（5.5×10³ ng·L^-1）的趋势,沉积物中QNs亦呈现12月（7.8×10³ ng·g^-1）大于4月的趋势（6.2×10³ ng·g^-1）;③石家庄市水环境中QNs抗生素的分配系数变化范围为34~2.9×10⁵ L·kg^-1,且呈现12月大于4月的趋势;④相关性分析结果表明,总氮（TN）、硝氮（NO₃^--N）、亚硝氮（NO₂^--N）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）与大部分QNs［OFL、诺氟沙星（NOR）、ENR、双氟沙星（DIF）和喹酸（OXO）］分配系数显著相关,温度（T）、总有机碳（TOC）和总溶解性固体颗粒物（TDS）与个别QNs［马波沙星（MAR）和DIF］分配系数显著相关.因此,水体富营养化水平会影响抗生素在水体-沉积物中的分配行为.     

天津市PM2.5浓度时空分布特征及重污染过程来源模拟分析

天津市多发生以PM_2.5为首要污染物的重污染事件,明确ρ（PM_2.5）时空分布特征及重污染过程来源对PM_2.5的综合治理意义深远.利用天津市2014-2017年环境资料和2016年气象资料,结合WRF-Chem模式研究了天津市ρ（PM_2.5）时空分布特征及重污染过程来源.结果表明:①自2014年以来,天津市ρ（PM_2.5）呈逐年下降趋势.②ρ（PM_2.5）月变化曲线呈"U"型分布,呈冬春季高、夏秋季低的季节性特征;ρ（PM_2.5）日变化呈双峰型分布,主峰值出现在08:00-09:00,次峰值出现在21:00-翌日00:00.③各季节天津市ρ（PM_2.5）空间分布不同,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季高值中心分别位于天津市西南部的静海区、中心城区北部的北辰区、西部的武清区及北部的蓟州区.④WRF-Chem模式模拟的天津市秋冬季污染物来源结果表明,本地源贡献率为56%,外来源输送贡献率为44%,其中以河北省和山东省的输送为主.2016年12月16-22日天津市一次重污染过程的模拟结果表明,天津市本地源贡献率为49.6%,河北省、北京市和山东省的外来源输送贡献率分别为32.2%、7.0%和2.2%.污染前期,不利气象条件和外来源输送造成天津市ρ（PM_2.5）聚集并形成重度污染;污染持续过程中,本地源贡献率逐渐增大并占主导地位.研究显示,近年来天津市ρ（PM_2.5）呈下降趋势,并有明显的空间分布特征.      

珠江干流河口水体有机氯农药的时空分布特征

珠江干流河口6个水样均检出有21种有机氯农药(OCPs).OCPs的定量分析结果显示,洪、枯季珠江干流河口水体中OCPs总量(颗粒相和溶解相)分别是9.7～26.3ng/L、41.7～122.5ng/L;珠江干流河口水体中∑六六六和∑其它OCPs的浓度(＞＞)∑DDTs的浓度.OCPs含量的季节变化明显,枯季水体中OCPs的含量明显高于洪季的含量.OCPs的含量和分布表明,珠江干流河口沿程存在不同的OCPs化合物输入,特别是东江网河区OCPs的输入对狮子洋水体中OCPs含量的影响较为突出,这种非点源污染特性在洪季表现更为突山.     

Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China

It is essential to determine the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge to select appropriate disposal methods. We conducted a national survey of heavy metal concentrations of sewage sludge samples from 107 municipal sewage treatment plants located in 48 cities covering the 31 provinces and autonomous regions, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2006, and identified the temporal trends of heavy metal contents in sewage sludge by comparison with surveys conducted in 1994-2001. In 2006, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge were 20.2, 1.97, 93.1, 218.8, 2.13, 48.7, 72.3, and 1058mg.kg-1, respectively. Because of the decreased discharge of heavy metals into industrial wastewater in China and the increasingly stringent regulations governing the content of industrial wastes entering sewers, the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have decreased by 32.3%, 49.7%, 54.9%, 25.0%, 37.2%, 44.8%, and 27.0%, respectively, during the past 12 years. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the samples exceeded the heavy metal limits of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in China （GB 18918-2002） by 6.5%, 3.7%, 6.5%, 6.5%, and 11.2%, respectively. From these results, 85 of the 107 municipal sludges analyzed would be considered suitable for land application.     

Relationship between heavy metals concentrations in egret species,their environment and food chain differences from two Headworks of Pakistan

Concentration of ten metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analyzed in the egg contents, prey and soil samples of little egret (Egretta garzetta) and cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) from two Headworks to determine habitat and species-specific differences; to assess the importance of prey and habitat contamination as an exposure source for heavy metals. Concentration of Cu, Mn, Cr and Pb in egg contents, Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn in prey and Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Li in surface soils were significantly different (P < 0.05). Mean metal concentrations of Cr, Pb and Cd were relatively higher in little egret whereas Cu and Mn were higher in the egg contents of cattle egret. The mean concentrations of Cu, Mn and Zn were higher in prey samples of cattle egrets and Cr, Cd and Pb in prey samples of little egrets. In soil samples collected from little egret heronries metal concentrations were higher except Cu and Ni. Correlation Analysis and Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) identified relatively similar associations of metals and their source identification. Metals such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and Li were related with geochemical origin from parent rock material as well as anthropogenic input whereas Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co and Zn were associated mostly with anthropogenic activities. The study suggested that eggs are useful bio-monitor of local heavy metal contamination.     

石家庄市空气颗粒物污染与气象条件的关系

利用2013—2014年石家庄市环境监测中心PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)逐时监测资料、同期的石家庄市地面气象观测站常规观测资料以及环境监测梯度站2013年1月各层PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)逐时观测资料,分析了PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)质量浓度的时空分布特征及与气象要素的相关关系。结果表明:石家庄市PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的质量浓度及两者的比值均为冬季和秋季较高;在水平分布上,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的平均质量浓度为市区西部高于东部;在垂直分布上,随着高度的增加,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)平均质量浓度先上升后下降;PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的质量浓度与相对湿度呈正相关,其中PM_(2.5)的质量浓度与相对湿度相关性更高;PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的质量浓度与风速呈负相关,随着风速的增大,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的平均质量浓度呈下降的趋势,但当风速大于5 m/s时,PM_(10)的质量浓度随着风速增大而上升,出现扬尘污染,总体来讲,刮西北风时PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的质量浓度较高,刮东南风时PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的质量浓度较低,这与风向和风速的日变化有关;PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的质量浓度与降水呈负相关,随着降水的增加,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的平均质量浓度呈下降的趋势。