富营养化湖泊叶绿素a时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

基于内蒙古乌梁素湖区20个监测点5、7、9、11月的监测数据,分析水体中叶绿素a浓度时空变化情况。同时,分析水体中总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、COD、p H、总有机碳与叶绿素a的相关性。结果显示,叶绿素a浓度呈现由西北向东南逐渐减少的趋势,而浓度峰值出现在7月下旬,低值出现在11月下旬。相关因素与叶绿素a的相关性呈复杂性,线性拟合结果显示,与COD没有明显相关性;与总有机碳呈弱负相关性,与p H呈负相关性;而与总磷、总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮呈正相关性。期望该研究为干旱区湖泊水体富营养化控制和水资源管理提供科学依据。     

杭州市臭氧污染特征及过程分析

利用2013—2016年杭州市国控点臭氧观测资料,讨论了杭州市臭氧时空变化特征,并对一次臭氧高浓度过程进行分析。结果显示,近年来杭州市臭氧浓度以10. 3%的升幅渐增,增幅大于北京、上海、广州等城市。千岛湖背景点及位于城区的朝晖五区、下沙、西溪站点臭氧浓度月变化存在2个峰值,第一峰值出现在5月,受降水、温度影响次峰值出现在8—10月;夜间臭氧浓度背景点高于城区点。杭州市10个国控站点臭氧浓度相对标准偏差逐年减小,臭氧污染已呈区域性,城东为重污染区域。2015年8月出现的一次臭氧重污染过程主要是受副热带高压控制下和台风外围的影响,导致杭州市朝晖五区站点臭氧浓度高达228μg/m~3,台风登陆后得以缓解。     

区域环境质量综合评价指标体系的构建及实证研究

以社会经济系统与环境系统的可持续发展为核心思想,运用层次分析法,建立以人类与环境之间压力—状态—响应关系为框架的,综合环境监测各要素的,反映区域可持续发展水平的区域环境质量综合评价体系。运用全国10年的时间序列数据和2010年31个省(市、区)的截面数据进行了实证检验,得出了全国环境质量2001—2010年的发展趋势与变化规律,同时将2010年31个省(市、区)的综合评价结果进行聚类分析,将其划分为6个大类、8个小类,并深入分析了各类地区的环境质量现状、环境压力和环境管理方面的区域差异和特征。实证表明区域环境质量综合评价体系的评价指标具备合理性、科学性和可比性,可为环境管理和决策提供科学依据,具有较好的推广性和实用性。     

烟花爆竹禁燃对春节期间东北地区空气质量影响评估

利用2015—2017年春节期间东北地区主要大气污染物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O3)质量浓度监测资料及相应气象因子(温度、湿度、风速和气压)观测资料,分析了春节期间烟花爆竹禁燃对东北地区空气质量的影响。结果表明:随着东北地区主要城市禁燃力度的增强,空气质量逐年提升,PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度逐年大幅度下降。禁燃可明显降低城区PM_(2.5)浓度,而由于春节期间污染源整体减少,城区和城郊监测点PM_(2.5)浓度值差异减小。烟花爆竹对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度影响高于对气体污染物SO_2、NO_2和CO的影响。此外,气象条件对东北地区春节期间禁燃改善空气质量的效果也有明显影响。因此,结合春节期间的气象条件,在东北地区实施禁燃政策动态调整非常必要。     

机场大气污染物高时间分辨率排放清单计算方法研究

通过研究机场大气污染物排放特征,结合我国相关排放政策及规范,以排放因子法为主要方法,设计了可建立机场高时间分辨率大气污染物排放清单的计算方法,以期为机场大气污染物排放实时监管提供研究基础。该方法针对飞机发动机和地面保障设备(GSE),实现了颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物等大气污染物和温室气体的半小时级别排放量计算。通过收集整理北京首都国际机场日航班计划与GSE运作情况实际数据,计算并建立了高时间分辨率的排放清单,验证了计算方法的可行性。随后,从活动水平误差和排放因子适用性两方面,对清单进行了不确定性分析,并通过计算结果对机场排放特征进行了分析,提出了减排建议。     

Rethinking the native range concept

A species is not native outside its native range, but native range is not precisely defined. The invasion literature contains wide discussion of the core concepts such as naturalization, invasiveness, and ecological impact, but the concept of native range has received so little attention that a formal definition does not exist. I considered, among other impediments to a formal definition of native range, the sometimes arbitrariness of the spatial and temporal limits assigned to native range. Broad questions that remain include whether invasion theory can be used to define the native range for species without non-native ranges.     

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders,Job Stressors and Gender Responses in Foundry Industry

The main aim of this paper was to identify job stressors, gender responses and association of psychosocial work stressors with prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among foundry workers. The data were obtained with ergonomics checklist using Likert scale. The results of this study showed a high prevalence of MSDs among workers. The male workers were more prone to pain in neck while the female workers were more prone to MSDs in upper back and shoulders. Correlation analysis showed significant relationship of dimensions of work aspects with pain and discomfort. It proved that the work-related MSDs are the results of interaction of multiple stressors associated with work and work environment, and other personal factors. ANOVA indicated that the perception of work aspects as stressors differed significantly between male and female workers.     

长江中下游粮食主产区耕地利用生态效率区域差异与空间收敛

基于耕地利用生态效率内涵构建其评价指标体系,并运用SBM-Undesirable模型、核密度估计法及空间收敛模型,对长江中下游粮食主产区71个市（州）耕地利用生态效率区域差异及收敛态势定量刻画。结果表明：（1）2007—2018年长江中下游粮食主产区耕地利用生态效率整体水平中等,各粮食主产区效率差异明显,效率损失主要源于投入冗余所带来的投入非效率,其中劳动力投入冗余度最高;（2）时间维度上看,长江中下游粮食主产区整体耕地利用生态效率始终存在两级分化的现象,整体内部差异呈扩大趋势,但逐步趋于稳定,各粮食主产区内部差异演变具有较大分异性;（3）空间维度上看,考虑空间溢出效应的情境下,长江中下游粮食主产区整体存在显著的绝对β收敛,且在科技水平、农户收入水平、灌溉水平及空间溢出效应等因素的共同影响下以1.01%的速度条件收敛,但各粮食主产区收敛态势具有区域差异性。应建立粮食主产区协同机制,因地制宜,分区施策以提升长江中下游粮食主产区耕地利用生态效率水平。     

A typology of time‐scale mismatches and behavioral interventions to diagnose and solve conservation problems

Ecological systems often operate on time scales significantly longer or shorter than the time scales typical of human decision making, which causes substantial difficulty for conservation and management in socioecological systems. For example, invasive species may move faster than humans can diagnose problems and initiate solutions, and climate systems may exhibit long‐term inertia and short‐term fluctuations that obscure learning about the efficacy of management efforts in many ecological systems. We adopted a management‐decision framework that distinguishes decision makers within public institutions from individual actors within the social system, calls attention to the ways socioecological systems respond to decision makers’ actions, and notes institutional learning that accrues from observing these responses. We used this framework, along with insights from bedeviling conservation problems, to create a typology that identifies problematic time‐scale mismatches occurring between individual decision makers in public institutions and between individual actors in the social or ecological system. We also considered solutions that involve modifying human perception and behavior at the individual level as a means of resolving these problematic mismatches. The potential solutions are derived from the behavioral economics and psychology literature on temporal challenges in decision making, such as the human tendency to discount future outcomes at irrationally high rates. These solutions range from framing environmental decisions to enhance the salience of long‐term consequences, to using structured decision processes that make time scales of actions and consequences more explicit, to structural solutions aimed at altering the consequences of short‐sighted behavior to make it less appealing. Additional application of these tools and long‐term evaluation measures that assess not just behavioral changes but also associated changes in ecological systems are needed.     

葛洲坝船闸过鱼时空特性研究

于2013年4月、6月及8月，在葛洲坝一、二号船闸上下闸首断面及闸室内，利用DIDSON声纳定点探测方法，对船闸上下行鱼类数量进行探测记录，并同步进行水质水动力现场监测，研究船闸过鱼现状及规律。结果表明：船闸天然情况下存在一定过鱼能力，附加一定的改进措施，船闸可能成为通航与过鱼功能合一的新型过鱼建筑物。船闸过鱼存在一定的昼夜节律，鱼类在夜晚时段表现的更为活跃，且在不同季节有选择相对适宜温度活动的趋势，而两船闸间下闸首天然鱼类通过量无显著差异。6月由于水温条件适合，且处于禁渔期末，鱼类大量繁殖，过鱼数量最大，4月及8月过高及过低的水温均不利于家鱼繁殖，过鱼相对较少，且均值比较无显著差异，另外不同月份水位流速变动可能对过鱼量造成一定影响。一号二号船闸的鱼类上闸首通过率分别为21%及42%