近30年余干县耕地土壤碳氮比时空变异特征及其影响因素

基于1982年余干县第二次土壤普查200个样点数据和2012年测土配方施肥项目423个样点数据,运用方差分析、相关性分析、回归分析和普通克里格法,结合成土母质、土壤类型、耕地利用方式、地形因子、pH、秸秆还田和氮肥施用量,探讨近30年来余干县耕地表层(0~20 cm)土壤碳氮比(C/N)时空变异特征及其影响因素.结果表明余干县1982年和2012年土壤C/N均值依次为10.05和11.18,变异系数分别为19.40%和25.04%,均呈中等程度的变异性.经半变异函数分析,块金效应值分别为15.91%和71.25%,表明土壤C/N由结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用变为更倾向于受随机性因素的主导作用.近30年来大部分区域土壤C/N增加明显,以东部区域增加最为显著.1982年土壤C/N空间变异主要受成土母质、土壤类型、地形因子和pH的影响,其影响程度依次为17.3%、14.2%、7.4%和2.3%.2012年土壤C/N空间变异受成土母质、土壤类型、耕地利用方式、地形因子、秸秆还田和氮肥施用量共同作用,其影响程度依次为8.7%、23.5%、28.2%、12.2%、12.6%和42.3%.     

农业生产何以存在低碳效率幻觉?——来自1997—2016年31个省份面板数据的证据

利用1997—2016年中国31个省份的面板数据,测算基于农业污染物影子价格的农业低碳效率,探讨各省份农业低碳效率幻觉存在与否的问题,并在此基础上分析农业低碳效率幻觉程度的影响因素。结果表明：（1）1997—2016年,中国农业低碳效率均值呈先下降后上升的总体趋势,且“东—中—西”梯度递减的态势明显。（2）总体上,存在农业低碳效率幻觉的省份数量呈先增后减趋势;分区域看,东部和中部存在农业低碳效率幻觉的省份数量逐渐减少,而西部地区则不断增加。（3）农业经济发展水平、农业生产节能技术水平、农业发展重视程度、农业产业结构对农业低碳效率幻觉程度具有负向影响,而农业规模化水平、农业受灾率和农业人力资本的影响效应为正。     

Relationship between catchment characteristics and forms of nitrogen in Cao-E River Basin, Eastern China

The distribution of different nitrogen forms and their spatial and temporal variations in different pollution types of tributaries or reaches were investigated. Based on the catchments characteristics the tributaries or reaches can be classified into 4 types including headwater in mountainous areas (type I), agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution in rural areas (type II), municipal and industrial pollution in urban areas (type III), and combined pollution in the main stream (type IV). Water samples were collected monthly from July 2003 to June 2006 in the Cao-E River basin in Zhejiang, Eastern China. The concentrations of NO3-N, NH4+-N, and total nitrogen (TN) were measured. The mean concentrations of NO3-N were in the order type IV > type II> type III > type I, whereas, NH4+-N, total organic nitrogen (TON), and TN were in the order type III > type IV > type II> type I. In headwater and rural reaches, CNO3-N was much higher than CNH4+-N. In urban reaches, TON and NH4+-N were the main forms, accounting for 54.7% and 32.1% of TN, respectively. In the whole river system, CNH4+-N decrease with increasing distance from cities, and CNO3-N increased with the increasing area of farmland in the catchments. With increased river flow, the CNO3-N increased and the CNH4+-N decreased in all types of reaches, while the variations of CTON and CTN were different. For TN, the concentration may be decreased with the increase of river flow, but the export load always increased.     

WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS IN WEST CENTRAL IRAN USING LANDSAT DATA1

ABSTRACT: Extensive investigations have been undertaken to determine the utility of Landsat data for detecting and analyzing hydrologic characteristics of an interior watershed of Iran that drains to Daryachehye-Namak (salt lake). This interior playa serves as the terminus for surface water discharging to it from the Karaj, Shur, Saveh, and Ghom Rivers and ground water from their underlying aquifers. These drainage systems encompass heavily populated and industrial sectors of west central Iran, including Tehran. The result of this investigation demonstrates the applicability of Landsat data for mapping and monitoring water regimen as an aid in interpreting hydrologic conditions throughout this arid region. Fluctuation of water area in a playa lake, occupying the lowest part of this closed basin, was monitored on repetitive Landsat coverage. As the result of field investigations combined with optical and digital analyses of the Landsat data, fluctuating water depths were determined in order to estimate the volume of water present in this lake during various seasons. A comparison between stream discharge rates and the estimated volume of standing water make it possible to quantitatively evaluate the hydrologic regimen and to detect the significance of ground water discharge.     

Understanding and Estimating Effective Population Size for Practical Application in Marine Species Management

Abstract: Effective population size (N_e) determines the strength of genetic drift in a population and has long been recognized as an important parameter for evaluating conservation status and threats to genetic health of populations. Specifically, an estimate of N_e is crucial to management because it integrates genetic effects with the life history of the species, allowing for predictions of a population's current and future viability. Nevertheless, compared with ecological and demographic parameters, N_e has had limited influence on species management, beyond its application in very small populations. Recent developments have substantially improved N_e estimation; however, some obstacles remain for the practical application of N_e estimates. For example, the need to define the spatial and temporal scale of measurement makes the concept complex and sometimes difficult to interpret. We reviewed approaches to estimation of N_e over both long‐term and contemporary time frames, clarifying their interpretations with respect to local populations and the global metapopulation. We describe multiple experimental factors affecting robustness of contemporary N_e estimates and suggest that different sampling designs can be combined to compare largely independent measures of N_e for improved confidence in the result. Large populations with moderate gene flow pose the greatest challenges to robust estimation of contemporary N_e and require careful consideration of sampling and analysis to minimize estimator bias. We emphasize the practical utility of estimating N_e by highlighting its relevance to the adaptive potential of a population and describing applications in management of marine populations, where the focus is not always on critically endangered populations. Two cases discussed include the mechanisms generating N_e estimates many orders of magnitude lower than census N in harvested marine fishes and the predicted reduction in N_e from hatchery‐based population supplementation.     

The safety implications of vehicle seat adjustments

INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to gather information on the preferred front seat position of vehicle occupants and to determine the impact of variation in seat position on safety during crashes. METHOD: The study evaluated the relationship between seat position and occupant size using the chi-square test and compared the risk of severe injury for small females and large males with regard to forward and rearward seat position using logistic regression. RESULTS: While smaller drivers sat closer to the steering wheel than larger drivers, front passengers of all sizes used similar seat positions. Additionally, the risk of injury was higher for small, unbelted females in rearward seat positions and large males (belted and unbelted) in forward seat positions. CONCLUSIONS: Occupants who adjust their seats to positions that are not consistent with required federal tests are at a greater risk for severe injury in a crash.     

Gini Index for Cities: A Preliminary Study on Regional Differences of Chinese City Size Distribution

Abstract

City size distribution is of interest because of a number of key stylized facts, including notably Zipf's law for cities and the importance of urban primacy. But a new and more efficient method Gini index can be used for calculating regional city size distribution. This paper begins by developing a calculation method for the Gini index, dividing the whole country into 26 areas and then calculating each area's Gini index value. Based on these calculation results, this paper gives a preliminary study on regional differences of its city size distribution and the dynamics.     

遂宁市环境空气中SO2时空分布特征研究

本文采取环境质量监测工作中被动采样法,具有适用性强、地域范围广、使用周期长的特点,按照遂宁市辖区内16km×16km均匀网格布点,开展了为期一年的大气中SO2研究,分析区域内SO2浓度时空变化,以图形化方式表达.研究表明:整个遂宁市辖区范围内SO2浓度整体水平不高;不同时间、不同区域内的SO2浓度差异较大,秋冬高、春夏低;工业集中区浓度较高;受常年主导风向西北风以及污染源整体布局的综合影响,辖区范围内SO2浓度呈现西北低、东南高的趋势.     

近20年中国表层土壤中多环芳烃时空分布特征及源解析

随着中国经济社会的快速发展,表层土壤多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）污染问题受到了全社会的高度关注.本研究通过搜集2000~2020年间有关我国表层土壤PAHs污染的相关研究,并对筛选得到的166篇文献采样数据综合运用统计学、空间插值分析和污染物特征比值源解析方法,定量分析了我国表层土壤PAHs污染水平、时间变化特征、空间分布特征以及来源特征.结果表明,我国表层土壤普遍存在人为因素的PAHs污染,其含量中位值为675.70 μg·kg^-1,总体情况良好但部分采样点位污染情况较为严重,单体含量中荧蒽（Fla）和芘（Pyr）含量较高,而苊烯（Acy）和二氢苊（Ace）含量较低;调查时段中,表层土壤PAHs含量数据大体稳定在313.10~1070.45 μg·kg^-1的中度污染水平范围内,其年度变化受石油生产与消费的影响相对较小,且不存在明显波动;统计学以及空间插值结果表明,我国表层土壤PAHs污染存在明显区域特征,地区含量从西北、华北、华东、东北、西南和中南依次递减,多数省份的PAHs污染水平处于"中度污染"或"轻度污染";源解析结果表明,我国大部分地区表层土壤PAHs污染来源于石油、生物质和煤等化石燃料的高温燃烧,但黑龙江以及新疆、西藏等西北地区主要表现为石油源污染.本研究对我国土壤环境管理和PAHs污染治理工作开展有一定参考价值.