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741.
以2020年1月—2021年9月对流层观测仪(TROPOMI)卫星观测资料反演获取的对流层甲醛(HCHO)、二氧化氮(NO2)柱浓度数据为依据,采用统计方法分析了扬州市HCHO和NO2柱浓度的时空分布特征。结果表明,扬州市对流层HCHO、NO2平均柱浓度分别为903.01×1013, 633.77×1013mole/cm2;受太阳紫外辐射影响,HCHO柱浓度变化特征表现为6月最高、1月最低;受气象条件和人为排放强度影响,NO2则表现为1月最高、8月最低。2021年1—9月扬州市对流层HCHO、NO2柱浓度月均值同比2020年分别增长4.0%,40.6%。空间分布特征显示,扬州市对流层HCHO和NO2浓度高值区主要分布在扬州市南部,且浓度高值区域与重点排污企业分布情况较为一致,多为电力供热、工业锅炉、冶金、石化与化工、表面涂层等行业。相关性分析显示,对流层HCHO与气温、臭氧浓度呈显著正相关,而NO2与气温、臭氧浓度呈显著负相关。 相似文献
742.
中国城市污泥中汞含量的时空分布特征 总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1
为全面了解中国城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中汞的赋存状况,从全国40个城市污水处理厂采集315个污泥样品,使用DMA-80直接测汞仪测定了样品中汞的含量.结果表明,全国城市污泥样品中的汞含量范围为0.45~15.42 mg·kg~(-1),汞含量符合对数正态分布,几何平均值为(2.19±3.16)mg·kg~(-1).所有污泥样品中的汞含量均满足《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置混合填埋用泥质》(GB/T 23485-2009)规定的污泥填埋标准;97.8%的城市污泥汞含量均满足土地改良用泥质标准(中性、碱性土壤);86.7%的城市污泥汞含量满足土地改良用泥质标准(酸性土壤).不同城市的污泥样品汞含量存在较大差异(变异系数105%),同一个污水处理厂污泥汞含量也不稳定(7d变异系数0.6%~53.6%).污泥中汞含量中位数呈现华北地区东北地区西北地区西南地区华东地区华中地区华南地区的空间分布趋势.以相应城市的土壤背景值为参比,利用地累积指数法,对于城市污泥中的汞污染现状进行了评价,发现汞重度污染以上的省份比例达到60%以上.与历史数据对比发现,全国城市污泥中汞含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,峰值出现于2000~2009年.研究结果为城市污水和污泥汞污染的防治工作提供了数据支持. 相似文献
743.
技术异质下中国大气污染排放效率的区域差异与影响因素 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近年来中国雾霾天气的频繁发生给人们的生产、生活以及身体健康构成巨大威胁。提高大气污染排放效率,深入挖掘大气污染减排潜力是改善中国大气环境质量,减少和消除雾霾天气发生的重要途径。本文根据生态效率理论,充分考虑到不同区域发展的不平衡因素与技术异质性特征,在共同前沿方法框架下科学测算2006—2014年间中国30个省份的大气污染排放效率,在此基础上分析效率的区域差异,利用"技术差距比(TGR)"这一指标衡量东部、中部与西部三大区域之间大气污染排放技术的差距,并从"技术"与"管理"两个维度进一步将各省份大气污染排放无效率分解为"技术差距无效率(TGI)"与"管理无效率(GMI)",以此定位各省份大气污染防治的薄弱环节,进而构建策略矩阵,将全国各省份归入四个不同排放效率特征的方阵,并给出相应的优化路径与措施;深入揭示大气污染排放效率与排放强度之间的内在联系,提出"大气污染排放强度效率"这一全新概念并考察其演化趋势;利用面板Tobit回归模型检验影响我国省际大气污染排放效率与排放技术的外部环境因素。实证结果表明:1中国大气污染排放效率整体水平偏低,年均仅为0.493,污染减排潜力巨大;2中国大气污染排放效率与排放技术的地区差异显著,无论是大气污染排放效率还是排放技术水平,东部地区都是明显高于中部与西部地区;3中国大气污染的实际排放强度明显高于潜在排放强度,这表明大气污染排放强度还存在很大的改进空间;4经济发展、产业结构升级与科技创新对大气污染排放效率与排放技术的提升均有显著促进作用,煤炭消费比重上升与人口密度过大则对其有显著抑制作用;5本文的研究结论支持"波特假说"与"污染避难所"假说。 相似文献
744.
长江流域空间经济系统的特征研究 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
邓宏兵 《长江流域资源与环境》2000,9(3):277-282
从空间经济系统的角度来看,长江流域经济发展有三个具有内在联系的基本特征。道德是流域经济发展的空间差异性。这一特征集中体现在流域内各地区之间经济发展基础、经济发展速度、经济发展水平等同空间差异。其次是流域经济发展与自然条件和资源的空间耦合性。区域自然系统对区域经济发展有明显的作用和影响,突出地表现了上游经济发展属资源密集型、中游经济发展属劳动力密集型和资源密集型并存、下游为资金技术型。第三是流域经济 相似文献
745.
P. Degenne D. Lo Seen D. Parigot R. Forax A. Tran A. Ait Lahcen O. Curé R. Jeansoulin 《Ecological modelling》2009
The modelling of processes that occur in landscapes is often confronted to issues related to the representation of space and the difficulty of properly handling time and multiple scales. In order to investigate these issues, a flexible modelling environment is required. We propose to develop such a tool based on a Domain Specific Language (DSL) that capitalises on the service-oriented architecture (SOA) paradigm. The modelling framework around the DSL is composed of a model building environment, a code generator and compiler, and a program execution platform. The DSL introduces five language elements (entity, service, relation, scenario and datafacer) that can be combined to offer a wide range of possibilities for modelling in space and time at different scales. When developing a model, model parts are either built using the DSL or taken from libraries of previously built ones, and adapted to the specific model. The practical usage of the DSL is illustrated first with the Lotka–Volterra model, and then with a landscape modelling experiment on the spread of a mosquito-borne disease in the Sahelian region of West Africa. An interesting characteristic of this approach is the possibility of adding new elements into an existing model, and replacing others with more appropriate ones, thus allowing potentially complex models to be built from simpler parts. 相似文献
746.
树干呼吸是解释森林生态系统生产力变化的关键过程之一.测定树干呼吸速率,理解其生物环境调控机制,有助于构建森林碳循环模型,提供森林碳收支的估测精度.本文比较分析了树干呼吸3种测定方法,指出活体测定法与质量平衡方法的结合使用,可以更深入地进行树十呼吸机理研究.针对树十呼吸速率时空变异,着重探讨温度、树干液流的重要影响机制,并比较分析了不同森林生态系统的维持呼吸年通量,维持呼吸年通量与林龄、维度、年均温和降水量呈显著线性相关.表4参84 相似文献
747.
辽宁省大雾演变规律及对气候变暖的响应研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
利用辽宁省25个代表站1951—2005年的大雾资料,分析了辽宁省大雾雾日异常的空间分布特征、时间演变规律、雾与全球变暖及污染的关系.结果表明:受气候变暖的影响,辽宁省沿海地区大雾日数逐年递增,内陆地区大雾日数逐年递减;空气污染的减轻也是造成沈阳市雾日减少的原因之一;大雾的地域分布呈现“两高三低”的形势,沿海地区的大雾主要出现在4—7月,内陆地区的大雾主要出现在9月—次年1月;全省大雾雾日呈线性增加趋势,增加的趋势比较平稳,呈现以10年左右周期交替变化;在20世纪80年代前,沈阳大雾存在2种变化周期,分别为6~8和15年,80年代后仅存在15年的周期变化. 相似文献
748.
In several vertebrate taxa, males and females differ in the proportions of time they individually devote to vigilance, commonly
attributed to sex differences in intra-specific competition or in absolute energy requirements. However, an effect of sex
on collective vigilance is less often studied (and therefore rarely predicted), despite being relevant to any consideration
of the adaptiveness of mixed- vs single-sex grouping. Controlling for group size, we studied the effect of sex on vigilance
in the sexually dimorphic eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus, analysing vigilance at two structural levels: individual vigilance and the group’s collective vigilance. Knowing that group
members in this species tend to synchronise their bouts of vigilance, we tested (for the first time) whether sex affects the
degree of synchrony between group members. We found that females were individually more vigilant than males and that their
vigilance rate was unaffected by the presence of males. Collective vigilance did not differ between female-only and mixed-sex
groups of the same size. Vigilance in mixed-sex groups was neither more nor less synchronous than in single-sex groups of
females, and the presence of males seemed not to affect the degree of synchrony between females. Sixty-six percent of vigilant
acts were unique (performed when no other kangaroo was alert), and only about one unique vigilant act in every three induced
a collective wave of vigilance. The proportions of vigilant acts that were unique were 60% for females but only 46% for males.
However, the sexes differed little in the rates at which their unique vigilant acts were copied. This limited study shows
that the differences in vigilance between male and female kangaroos had no discernible effect upon collective vigilance. 相似文献
749.
Christy L. Hoffman Angelina V. Ruiz-Lambides Edgar Davila Elizabeth Maldonado Melissa S. Gerald Dario Maestripieri 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(11):1711-1718
In sexually promiscuous mammals, female reproductive effort is mainly expressed through gestation, lactation, and maternal
care, whereas male reproductive effort is mainly manifested as mating effort. In this study, we investigated whether reproduction
has significant survival costs for a seasonally breeding, sexually promiscuous species, the rhesus macaque, and whether these
costs occur at different times of the year for females and males, namely in the birth and the mating season, respectively.
The study was conducted with the rhesus macaque population on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Data on 7,402 births and 922 deaths
over a 45-year period were analyzed. Births were concentrated between November and April, while conceptions occurred between
May and October. As predicted, female mortality probability peaked in the birth season whereas male mortality probability
peaked in the mating season. Furthermore, as the onset of the birth season gradually shifted over the years in relation to
climatic changes, there was a concomitant shift in the seasonal peaks of male and female mortality. Taken together, our findings
provide the first evidence of sex differences in the survival costs of reproduction in nonhuman primates and suggest that
reproduction has significant fitness costs even in environments with abundant food and absence of predation. 相似文献
750.
Bursa is one of the largest cities of Turkey and it hosts 17 organized industrial zones. Parallel to the increase in population, rapidly growing energy consumption, and increased numbers of transport vehicles have impacts on the air quality of the city. In this study, regularly calibrated automatic samplers were employed to get the levels of air pollution in Bursa. The concentrations of CH4 and N-CH4 as well as the major air pollutants including PM10, PM2.5, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO, and O3, were determined for 2016 and 2017 calendar years. Their levels were 1641.62?±?718.25, 33.11?±?5.45, 42.10?±?10.09, 26.41?±?9.01, 19.47?±?16.51, 46.73?±?16.56, 66.23?±?32.265, 7.60?±?3.43, 659.397?±?192.73, and 51.92?±?25.63 µg/m3 for 2016, respectively. Except for O3, seasonal concentrations were higher in winter and autumn for both years. O3, CO, and SO2 had never exceeded the limit values specified in the regulations yet PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 had violated the limits in some days. The ratios of CO/NOx, SO2/NOx, and PM2.5/PM10 were examined to characterize the emission sources. Generally, domestic and industrial emissions were dominated in the fall and winter seasons, yet traffic emissions were effective in spring and summer seasons. As a result of the correlation process between Ox and NOx, it was concluded that the most important source of Ox concentrations in winter was NOx and O3 was in summer. 相似文献