Geostatistical Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Groundwater Level

Groundwater and water resources management plays a key role in conserving the sustainable conditions in arid and semi-arid regions. Applying management tools which can reveal the critical and hot conditions seems necessary due to some limitations such as labor and funding. In this study, spatial and temporal analysis of monthly groundwater level fluctuations of 39 piezometric wells monitored during 12 years was carried out. Geostatistics which has been introduced as a management and decision tool by many researchers has been applied to reveal the spatial and temporal structure of groundwater level fluctuation. Results showed that a strong spatial and temporal structure existed for groundwater level fluctuations due to very low nugget effects. Spatial analysis showed a strong structure of groundwater level drop across the study area and temporal analysis showed that groundwater level fluctuations have temporal structure. On average, the range of variograms for spatial and temporal analysis was about 9.7 km and 7.2 months, respectively. Ordinary and universal kriging methods with cross-validation were applied to assess the accuracy of the chosen variograms in estimation of the groundwater level drop and groundwater level fluctuations for spatial and temporal scales, respectively. Results of ordinary and universal krigings revealed that groundwater level drop and groundwater level fluctuations were underestimated by 3% and 6% for spatial and temporal analysis, respectively, which are very low and acceptable errors and support the unbiasedness hypothesis of kriging. Although, our results demonstrated that spatial structure was a little bit stronger than temporal structure, however, estimation of groundwater level drop and groundwater level fluctuations could be performed with low uncertainty in both space and time scales. Moreover, the results showed that kriging is a beneficial and capable tool for detecting those critical regions where need more attentions for sustainable use of groundwater. Regions in which were detected as critical areas need to be much more managed for using the current water resources efficiently. Conducting water harvesting systems especially in critical and hot areas in order to recharge the groundwater, and altering the current cropping pattern to another one that need less water requirement and applying modern irrigation techniques are highly recommended; otherwise, it is most likely that in a few years no more crop would be cultivated.     

桂林市岩溶塌陷成因类型与时空分布特征

应用对比分析的方法,研究了近40年来发生在桂林市区及近郊300km^2范围内的654个岩溶塌陷的成因类型与时空分布特征,结果显示,桂林市岩溶塌陷以人为塌陷为主,其中77．65的人为陷由抽水引起,时间上,岩溶塌陷多发生在冬、春两季,且总体上有逐年增加的趋势;空,夺溶塌陷多发生在市区土层厚度小于10m,且下伏基岩为东村组的峰林（或孤峰）平原和一级阶地内,多发生在张扭性特征明显的NE向和NW向断裂带及其交汇部位,并具中性和成带性的分布特征,上述岩溶塌陷时空间分布的不均匀性主要受桂林市的气候、地质条件及人类活动的影响和控制,揭示和掌握岩溶塌陷时空分布的这种不均匀性,对城市的防灾减灾具有重要的现实意义。     

石家庄市NO2时空分布特征及影响因素

为了解石家庄市NO₂时空分布特征及影响因素,结合GIS和相关性分析,对2018年环境空气自动监测站监测数据、气象数据和社会经济数据进行统计分析。结果表明：261个乡镇NO₂年均质量浓度范围为11～68μg/m³,超标率为47.9%,仅有49个乡镇NO₂日均质量浓度达到国家二级标准。主城区NO₂质量浓度高于周边县(市、区),NO₂总体呈圆环形带状分布。月变化方面,1—3月、10—12月污染较重,峰值出现在1月。NO₂日变化呈“高-低-高”的变化趋势,区域差异明显。NO₂与温度、湿度、风速呈负相关,与大气压呈正相关,气象条件的月际差异是导致NO₂月差异的重要因素,NO₂空间分布主要受地形、人口密度和机动车排放等因素影响。研究结果提示秋冬季是NO₂治理的关键时期,主城区为重点防控治理区域。     

2008～2018年武汉市BC气溶胶时间演变特征及其来源分析

黑碳(BC)作为最重要的吸收性气溶胶,其辐射强迫显著地改变大气边界层结构和近地面大气污染物的累积。基于2008～2018年武汉市BC和气象要素的观测数据,结合CWT潜在来源模型,分析了BC的时间演变特征和潜在来源分布。结果表明武汉BC平均质量浓度为6 926.4±4 090.6 ng/m³,?ngstr9m指数(AAE)和液体燃料源对BC贡献占比(P)的平均值分别为0.98±0.44和76.6%,BC主要来自液体燃料的燃烧。2014～2017年BC质量浓度呈现显著的下降趋势,液体燃料对BC的贡献逐年增加。BC的季节分布为冬季(8 537.3 ng/m³)>春季(7 513.2 ng/m³)>秋季(6 820.2 ng/m³)>夏季(6 161.9 ng/m³),BC_liquid占比为秋季(80.0%)>冬季(77.3%)>春季(76.2%)>夏季(72.9%)。不同季节BC日变化特征不同。四个季节BC日变化在2008～2...     

武汉市降尘污染特征及影响因素

以武汉市2006—2013年降尘数据为例,采用SPSS19.0软件统计分析了中部地区内陆城市的降尘污染特征及其影响因素。结果表明,月均降尘污染呈5月峰、11月谷三次曲线型,季节降尘污染呈春季夏季冬(秋)季,年均降尘量呈显著下降趋势。各功能区降尘量差异显著,从多到少顺序依次为工业区交通稠密区居商工混区清洁区。根据主成分分析结果,对于武汉这类经济发展中的中部内陆城市来说,气象因素是影响降尘的重要外在因素。社会因素是主要内在影响因素,其中经济发展因子的影响高于环境建设因子。     

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Ozone Concentrations at High Altitude Monitoring Sites in Germany

The present study deals with the characterisation and interpretation of hourly taken maximum ozone concentrations of each day at various high altitude monitoring sites in Germany and contributes to the understanding of ozone transport processes. The relation between long range transport of ozone as well as its precursors and high ozone concentrations is of special interest. Aim of this paper is to investigate the influence and importance of large scale meteorological circulation and source regions of anthropogenic ozone precursors to local ozone concentrations using 2-dimensional backward trajectories. Further, reasons for the spatial and temporal variation of ozone concentration levels will be shown. Investigating numerous cases a similar origin of air masses causing high ozone concentrations in Germany and uniform patterns at various sites could be identified.     

Measuring regional trends in ozone

We model maximum daily ozone concentration at a number of sites in Ontario in terms of weather classes, temperature, season and a moving average error term. In an effort to detect a regional trend in the remaining residuals, we develop a method related to principal components which obtains the linear combination of sites with greatest autocorrelation. We apply this method to data from sites in Southern Ontario and conclude that there was a regional trend in ozone during the period 1980–1992. A similar treatment does not find a general trend in temperature data but does reveal a widening gap in temperature between northern and southern sites.     

基于GIS的唐山地区大气污染物时空分布研究

应用数据统计和ArcGIS对北方重工业城市唐山地区2014年14个县(区)18个空气自动监测站的数据进行时空分布特征分析,监测的污染物为PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、PM_(2.5)、O_3、CO共6项。利用ArcGIS对各个自动监测站污染物数据建立网格模型,采用反距离权重法分别对年均、采暖期、非采暖期的环境空气质量综合指数和6项污染因子浓度的空间分布进行估算,直观比较了污染物在不同时期内的空间分布状况。结果表明,空气质量时间分布较为明显,非采暖期明显好于采暖期。同时,计算出每个网格单元污染指数的标准偏差,结合气象气候、地形地势、工业发展等情况,分析得出北部山区、市中心区附近区域空气质量波动较大。为区域大气污染有针对性的综合防治、联防联控及污染物区域削减计划打下数据基础。     

洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性

2013年6月至2014年5月逐月对洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度和主要环境因子进行测定,分析洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征,探讨洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度为0.11~8.62 mg/m~3,年均值为(1.89±1.23)mg/m~3,属贫营养;叶绿素a质量浓度随季节变化明显,总体呈现夏、秋季明显大于冬、春季的规律;在空间上,总体表现为西洞庭湖和东洞庭湖明显大于南洞庭湖。全湖叶绿素a质量浓度与水温、电导率、COD和TP呈极显著正相关,与DO、NH3-N、TN和TN/TP呈极显著负相关,与NO-3-N呈显著负相关,与p H和透明度无显著相关性。全湖TN/TP的年均值为28.5,磷可能是洞庭湖水体浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐。     

黄河流域城市绿地生态需水时空特征分析

界定了城市绿地生态需水和生态灌溉需水的内涵与特征,构建了城市绿地生态需水和生态灌溉需水的计算模型,对黄河流域45个地级以上城市的绿地生态需水与生态灌溉需水进行计算与分析.研究结果表明:①黄河流域城市绿地年生态需水量为44 749.7×104m3,年生态灌溉需水量为22 783.5×104m3.约占2000年黄河流域城市市区供水总量的4.85%.其中90.2%的生态灌溉需水集中在绿地植物的生长期(4～10月份);②植物需水和生态灌溉需水表现出不同的月变化趋势和空间分异规律.月生态灌溉需水的计算结果为黄河流域城市绿地生态用水的合理配置提供了科学依据.