四川省2010~2019年突发环境事件时空分布特征分析

近年来,四川省高度重视环境应急管理工作,环境应急处置能力不断提升,但环境风险形势依然严峻,突发环境事件时有发生。通过对2010~2019年四川省10年突发环境事件进行统计分析,浅析四川省突发环境事件的规律特点,以期为四川省生态环境风险防控提供科学依据。研究表明,四川省突发环境事件呈现多发高发态势,6~8月为突发环境事件高发期;安全生产事故和交通事故次生的突发环境事件是主要事件类型;成都市和广元市是突发环境事件的高发区域;油类污染物和酸碱类污染物是主要污染物类型;跨界流域突发环境事件发生频率较高。应从流域突发环境事件风险评估、企业环境安全主体责任、环境应急物质储备体系和突发环境事件联防联控等方面加强四川省环境应急管理。     

喀斯特小流域河流溶存甲烷浓度时空变化特征

以宜昌境内喀斯特河流下牢溪为研究对象,通过对流域内15个采样点为期1a间隔约2周1次的水量、水质及CH4浓度同步监测,探讨河流溶存CH4浓度时空变化规律及影响因素.结果 表明:下牢溪溶存CH4浓度变化范围为0.002～1.492μmol/L,全年平均浓度0.133μmol/L,整体表现为大气CH4的源.河流溶存CH4浓...     

Ethnic differences in determinants of participation and non-participation in prenatal screening for Down syndrome: A theoretical framework

Objective To develop a theoretical framework for analysing ethnic differences in determinants of participation and non-participation in prenatal screening for Down syndrome. Methods We applied Weinstein's Precaution Adoption Process (PAP) Model to the decision of whether or not to participate in prenatal screening for Down syndrome. The prenatal screening stage model was specified by reviewing the empirical literature and by data from seven focus group interviews with Dutch, Turkish and Surinamese pregnant women in the Netherlands. Results We identified 11 empirical studies on ethnic differences in determinants of participation and non-participation in prenatal screening for Down syndrome. The focus group interviews showed that almost all stages and determinants in the stage model were relevant in women's decision-making process. However, there were ethnic variations in the relevance of determinants, such as beliefs about personal consequences of having a child with Down syndrome or cultural and religious norms. Discussion The prenatal screening stage model can be applied as a framework to describe the decision-making process of pregnant women from different ethnic backgrounds. It provides scope for developing culturally sensitive, tailored methods to guide pregnant women towards informed decision-making on participation or non-participation in prenatal screening for Down syndrome. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湖南省天然源挥发性有机物排放时空特征研究

基于MEGANv3.1模型,结合WRF3.4.1气象数据、MODIS数据提取的叶面积指数、J4置信度下不同植被排放因子、生态功能类型数据及植被生长因子数据,估算了湖南省范围内2018年植被挥发性有机物(Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds,BVOCs)排放情况.结果显示,湖南省BVOC...     

Consuming water smartly: the significance of sociocultural differences to water-saving initiatives

This article explores how strategies to encourage households to consume less water, through education and the installation of smart meters, play out in actual social worlds where the texture and complexity of households, and the individuals within them, have a tendency to be simplified to average or statistical norms. Building on research and critical analysis from earlier studies, particularly in Australia, this research set out to explore Thames Water’s smarter home initiative deploying three frames – affect, habit, and the meaning of home – for thinking through the different responses of householders to the intervention. The study revealed that differences in response to the smarter home visit were articulated across income, education, gender, age, and ethnicity – not as homogenous or fixed categories, but rather as categories which emerged through the smart metering intervention. The research concluded that demand management interventions such as the smarter home visits, conceived as a relatively simple technology-driven behavioural change strategy, are more complex and nuanced in their reception and effects, especially on the user–provider relationship, in the constitution of social differences, and in the definitions of public and private spaces and practices. Acceptance or resistance of these programmes is not knowable in advance of their dissemination. For such interventions to be successful, water companies thus need to recognise the differentiated social, cultural, and economic environments in which their strategies are enacted. A failure to do so can only limit their stated objectives of reducing household water consumption.     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

降雨时间分辨率对SWAT水文模拟的影响

分别基于13个雨量站的日降雨量和小时降雨量,在率水流域建立SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）水文模型,对基于不同降雨时间分辨率的SWAT模型进行独立的参数率定和验证,在此基础上分析降雨时间分辨率对率水流域SWAT模拟性能的影响.结果表明,降雨输入的时间分辨率对率水流域SWAT模型的水文模拟性能有显著影响.小时降雨输入SWAT模型的纳什系数（NSE）和决定系数（R²）在率定期分别为0.89、0.90,在验证期分别为0.86、0.88,均显著高于日降雨输入SWAT模型对应的模型评价统计量值.究其原因,小时降雨输入SWAT模型对于峰值流量的模拟要明显优于日降雨输入SWAT模型.建议应在不同气候与自然环境条件的流域内开展类似的降雨时间分辨率对水文模型模拟性能的影响研究.     

长江流域蒸发皿蒸发量及影响因素变化趋势

采用MannK-endall非参数检验方法和反距离权重插值法IDW对长江流域近40年来20cm蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响因素进行了时空变化趋势分析,研究结果表明:近40年来,长江流域年平均蒸发皿蒸发量在全流域和不同区域内均呈现显著的下降趋势,且中下游地区(99%的置信度)比上游地区(95%的置信度)下降趋势显著,夏季(99%的置信度)比其它季节下降趋势显著。影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要气象因子太阳净辐射和风速呈现显著下降趋势,气温表现为显著升高趋势,但中下游地区夏季温度微弱下降,降水微弱增加,但中下游地区夏季降水显著增加。因此,长江流域年平均太阳净辐射和风速的显著下降是年平均蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降的主要原因,而中下游地区夏季气温的微弱下降和降水的显著增加使得中下游地区夏季蒸发皿蒸发量下降趋势尤其显著。     

湖水氢氧同位素组分的时间变化特征及影响因子分析

湖水氢氧稳定同位素组分对于水文学、气象学和古气候学研究都有重要的意义.本研究在太湖对湖水HDO和H_2~(18)O组分(δDL和δ~(18)OL)开展了长期连续地观测,计算了过量氘(dL),分析了它们的时间变化规律,并研究其主要控制因素.结果表明:1湖水氢氧同位素组分存在明显的时间变化,δDL的变化范围-59.8‰~-24.2‰,δ~(18)OL的变化范围-8.6‰~-2.6‰,dL的变化范围为-7.9‰~12.9‰;暖季δDL和δ~(18)OL较高,dL较低;冷季反之.2在月尺度上,湖水蒸发量及其占湖泊入水量的比重是湖水氢氧稳定同位素富集的主要控制因素,湖水蒸发量或者蒸发量占湖泊入湖水量比重增加,δDL和δ~(18)OL升高,dL降低.3对于太湖而言,降水氢氧稳定同位素组分和水温并非湖水稳定同位素变化的控制因素.本文的研究结果可以为稳定同位素水文学研究以及与湖水稳定同位素富集相关的气象学和古气候学研究提供科学参考.     

三峡库区表层沉积物重金属含量时空变化特征及潜在生态风险变化趋势研究

三峡工程建设以来,三峡水库干支流水文形势已发生了重大变化,造成水体悬浮物沉降条件改变,可能导致库区表层沉积物性状发生变化.通过对2000~2015年三峡水库干流江津至坝址段和嘉陵江、御临河、乌江、小江、大宁河、香溪河等主要支流表层沉积物中重金属污染物含量水平、时空变化及潜在生态风险变化趋势分析,结果表明,三峡库区在2000~2015年长江干流沉积物中铜、铅、锰、砷、汞元素各断面含量平均值区间分别为46.5~85.7、43.8~65.1、784.2~910.6、8.44~11.91、0.193~0.236 mg·kg~(-1);支流沉积物中铜、铅、锰、砷、汞元素含量平均值区间分别为16.5~85.6、25.8~74.8、573.7~996.3、6.96~13.31、0.160~0.232 mg·kg~(-1).三峡水库干流局部河段左右岸表层沉积物中重金属含量存在较明显差异;铜、铅、锰、砷、汞元素在表层沉积物中含量变化趋势各异,不同水期干支流表层沉积物中重金属含量存在一定程度波动,其中汞元素变化最为明显.不同元素在不同断面随时间变化趋势不完全一致.库区沉积物中铜、铅、锰、砷等元素含量呈现显著的正相关,但砷与其他元素相关性低;汞元素与其他重金属之间无明显相关性.地累积指数法评价表明,三峡库区表层沉积物重金属总体处于较低富集水平,但汞元素污染值得注意;长江干流及除乌江外主要支流大部分时段表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数变化较小,只在部分时段出现升高的情形;乌江表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数2008年前处于相对较高水平,但2008年后下降并趋于稳定.