东北湖区典型流域生态安全评估

为评估东北湖区湖泊生态安全,在山口湖流域水质特征分析的基础上,分别采用模糊综合评价法、层次分析法和DPSIR（驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应）模型对山口湖流域水环境质量、陆域生态系统健康状况和流域生态安全进行综合评估.结果表明:①2014年山口湖水体氮、磷、有机物质量浓度较低,各月营养水平存在较大波动:3月冰封期ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）和ρ（COD_Mn）最低,分别为0.681、0.022、6.31 mg/L;5月冰层溶解时ρ（TN）和ρ（COD_Mn）最高,分别为1.771、8.27 mg/L.在3条入湖河流中,长水河受生活源和农业面源污染较重,ρ（TN）年均值为2.244 mg/L,超出GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准限值;南水河污染较轻,ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）平均值分别为1.061、0.059 mg/L;土鲁木河受人类活动影响较小,污染最轻.②模糊综合评价结果显示,除5月外,2014年山口湖水体总体上处于GB 3838-2002 Ⅲ类水质.③1988-2014年山口湖陆域生态系统处于优秀状态,但健康指数由1988年的90.06降至2014年的87.63,森林覆盖率下降、农田比例增加是陆域生态系统健康状态下降的主要原因.④2014年山口湖流域生态安全指数值为72.61,处于较安全状态,经济发展水平落后、入湖污染物未有效控制、透明度低、水产品供给指标功能较差、污染物处理能力差是影响山口湖生态安全的主要因素.研究显示,需减少农田化肥施用量,加强农村和农业面源污染防治等措施,控制污染物入湖量,加强环境监管能力建设和科技支撑,提高山口湖流域生态安全状态.      

大气硫循环中的自然硫释放研究

基于当前可获得的与该课题相关资料 ,综述了陆地生态系统对全球硫总量的贡献。第 1部分阐述了已熟知的自然硫源——海洋硫循环的了解。第 2部分给出了陆地硫循环的基本情况及各化学组分和源的相对重要性。第 3部分给出以前报导的各硫源的几种主要含硫气体的通量值 ,通过比较推导出对应各环境的代表性硫通量值。最后的第 4部分作为总结讨论了克服早先自然生态系统硫循环研究测定中的各种局限的方向并提出建议。     

陆地生态系统含硫气体释放研究进展

由自然生态系统释放的含硫气体在全球硫循环中起着重要作用。陆地生态系统主要的自然硫释放源有湿地、土壤、植被、内陆水体和火山等，由自然源释放的含硫气体主要产生于有机硫化物的降解和硫酸盐的还原，同时受温度、光照等环境因素的影响。文章主要综述了对人类有影响的几种含硫气体(DMS、H2S、COS、CH3SH、CS2和DMDS等)从各种自然源释放的情况，同时简要介绍了环境因素如温度、光照、土壤状况、氧化还原条件等对自然源释放含硫气体的影响，最后结合中国的研究现状，指出今后应开展和加强陆地生态系统含硫气体释放通量监测、释放机理及在大气中的转化等方面的研究，以及在此基础上建立含硫气体释放模型。     

陆生植物对UV-B辐射增量响应研究进展

大气同温层的臭氧层逐渐被破坏导致太阳辐射中的UV—B辐射部分抵达地球表面增加，对陆生植物产生不同程度的影响,本文讨论了UV—B辐射对陆生植物在分子和器官水平的影响，植物可能通过UV—B光受体吸收低水平UV—B辐射，并通过不同信息途径转导，这包括钙、激酶和活性氧等，UV—B辐射诱致基因活性变化，并改变植物的形态和功能，暴露在UV—B辐射下大量基因表达发生变化，包括调节编码保护色素、DNA修复蛋白的基因和光合基因等．UV—B辐射引起光合作用、生长和生物量降低，极少数植物增加生物产量，整体群体生物量倾向减少．UV—B辐射对热带亚热带森林树种影响的报道甚少，目前增高UV—B辐射对生态系统的影响应得到重视．参45     

Carbon dioxide release due to change in land usein China mainland

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抑制土壤汞进入陆生食物链

土壤对Ｈｇ＾２＋有自净力，其作用实质是Ｈｇ的形态转化。本研究试验了膨润土，腐殖质，碳酸钙对汞形态转化的影响结果表明，膨润进使Ｈｇ＾２＋迅速向残留态转化而降低作物对汞的吸收，其效果在用量为０－４５０ｇ／ｋｇ范围呈线性增长；腐殖质使Ｈｇ＾２＋迅速向腐质态汞转化，且有与矿质粘粒争增Ｈｇ＾２＋之势，故最适用量因土壤粘粒含量而异。     

Nontarget-plant risk assessment for pesticide registration

The approach developed by Environment Canada to assess risk to aquatic and terrestrial plants in nontarget habitats potentially exposed to pesticides evaluated for registration is described. An anonymous sample of pesticide submissions is used to illustrate the approach and to examine its merits and limitations in relation to test species, response variability, testing protocols, ecological relevance, and comparability with other regulatory agencies. Future directions are identified, particularly in relation to impending nontarget-plant testing guidelines for pesticide registration in Canada. This approach incorporates some of the latest research and developments in the field of risk assessment for plants. The novelty of this approach also lies in the use of the plant screening data routinely generated by chemical pesticide companies, which is intended to provide a maximum amount of information to evaluators at minimal increment cost to registrants. The proposed approach can serve as a basis for guideline development and modernization for other jurisdictions.     

Aggregated Estimation of Basic Parameters of Biological Production and Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 3. Biogeochemical Carbon Fluxes

The biogeochemical cycle of organic carbon in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in 1990 is considered. Its components have been estimated as follows: net primary production, 4354 million metric tons of carbon (Mt C); annual amount of plant detritus, 3223 Mt C; heterotrophic soil respiration, 3214 Mt C; biomass utilization, 680 Mt C; damage to vegetation caused by fire and pests, 140 Mt C; and removal by surface and ground waters, 79 Mt C. Anthropogenically regulated fluxes of organic carbon (820 Mt C) are comparable to its amount involved in the natural cycle.     

Regulatory Constraints to Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Geologic Formations: A California Perspective

Carbon sequestration in terrestrialecosystems and geologic formations providesa significant opportunity for California toaddress global climate change. The physicalsize of its resources (e.g., forests,agriculture, soils, rangeland, and geologicformations) and the expertise in Californiaprovides a substantial foundation fordeveloping carbon sequestration activities.Furthermore, the co-benefits of carbonsequestration – such as improved soil andwater quality, restoration of degradedecosystems, increased plant and cropproductivity, and enhanced oil recovery – are significant. In fact, carbonsequestration often represents a `noregrets' strategy – implementing carbonsequestration provides multiple benefits,even without the advent of global climatechange.Nevertheless, researchers need to addressseveral issues to determine more accuratelythe potential, benefits, and costs ofsequestering carbon in California'sterrestrial ecosystems and geologicformations, as well as to identify the mostpromising sequestration methods and theiroptimal implementation. One key issue isthe type of regulatory constraints facingdevelopers of carbon sequestrationprojects: what permits are needed fordeveloping these projects? The permittingprocess may impede the penetration ofsequestration technologies into the marketif the costs (including transaction costs)of obtaining the permits are too burdensomeand costly. For example, at least ninefederal regulations and seven stateregulations will potentially influencecarbon sequestration projects inCalifornia. This paper also provides anexample of the types of permits needed fordeveloping a carbon sequestration project,using California as an example. It ispossible that a carbon sequestrationproject may have to obtain a total of 15permits (3 federal, 6 state, 6 local),before it even starts to operate. In theconcluding section, we offer some suggestedareas for research and activities forpolicy makers.     

陆地生态系统CO_2与水热通量的研究进展

陆地生态系统CO2和水热通量研究,一直是全球气候变化研究的热点与难点问题。它对认识生态系统变化规律,预测全球气候变化趋势,评价生态系统的碳固定具有重要的科学意义。涡度相关法被认为是目前测定CO2、水热通量的最可靠方法。国外学者应用此方法解决了均匀下垫面假设下不同类型生态系统的CO2、水热通量的计算问题。在查阅前人研究成果的基础上,分析了陆地生态系统用涡度相关法在能量通量研究中的地位和重要性,评述了生态系统水热平衡的研究意义,总结了我国包括森林、草地、荒漠、农田等不同类型生态系统CO2、水热通量方面最新的研究进展,并对我国生态系统通量未来的研究策略及数据管理提出了建议和展望。