水平对置活塞发动机高空热平衡特性研究

目的研究不同海拔大气压力特别是高空条件对水平对置活塞汽油机热平衡性能的影响。方法利用内燃机高空模拟试验台进行不同海拔高度(0~7000 m)下水平对置活塞汽油机的热平衡试验,测得不同海拔下排温、缸体表面温度等特征参数,计算热流量分配特性,并对比分析热流量分配特性随海拔高度的变化规律。结果随海拔升高,汽油机排温和缸体表面温度逐渐下降,且海拔愈高,缸体表面温度下降幅度愈大。汽油机有效功率随海拔升高逐渐下降,余项损失百分比逐渐上升,且在低转速下,变化幅度增大。在6000 m模拟海拔、3000 r/min转速下,汽油机有效热效率不到5%,而余项损失达到了30%以上,此时部分汽油甚至并未燃烧。结论高空环境对水平对置汽油机热平衡性能造成严重影响,成为制约其高海拔性能恢复的关键因素。     

道路建设对成都市热岛效应的影响

热岛效应是城市气候最显著的特征之一。土地利用方式及土地覆盖的改变,如城市化和道路建设是导致热岛现象的重要原因之一。然而目前针对道路属性（道路密度及类型）对城市热岛效应的影响研究还较缺乏。本研究运用2012年成都市不同时次（冬夏季）的遥感数据及城市道路交通专题图,运用3S技术探讨道路密度对城市热岛效应的影响以及不同类型道路对城市热岛效应的热贡献。研究表明：（1）成都市热岛效应明显,市区地表平均温度显著高于郊区且热岛强度呈现夏强（3~4℃）冬弱（2.5~3℃）、夜强昼弱的特征。日间城市热岛效应呈现多热中心的分布模式,但冬夏季热岛中心位置不同。夏季日间热中心位于城市的西南部和中东北部,最高可达32.66℃,而冬季日间城市的西南部地表温度较高且热中心主要分布于城市边界地区,地表温度超过16℃。无论冬夏,夜间城市热岛效应均呈现环状分布特征,即从城市边缘到中心,地表温度逐渐升高,夏季城乡地表温差高达4.37℃而冬季达到2.82℃。（2）成都市区道路呈现“圈层型＋辐射型”分布模式,道路密度与道路的分布有关,城市南部及西南部的道路密度高于北部区域。（3）无论冬夏,道路密度与地表温度正相关,但两者相关性呈现昼弱夜强的特征,其中夜间相关系数达到0.5左右。对热效应贡献度指数、热单元权重指数、区域热单元权重指数3个指标的分析都表明无论冬夏、无论昼夜,市区分布面积最广的三级道路对城市热岛效应的热贡献最大,其热效应贡献度指数均在95%以上,其次是二级道路,各项热效应贡献度指数为45%~80%。本研究结果将有助于未来城市建设和道路规划,并为缓解城市热岛效应提供理论支持。     

Potassium carbonate-based ternary transition temperature mixture (deep eutectic analogues) for CO2 absorption: Characterizations and DFT analysis

•Addition of hindered amine increased thermal stability and viscosity of TTTM. •Addition of hindered amine improved the CO₂ absorption performance of TTTM. •Good the CO₂ absorption of recycled solvents after two regenerations. •Important role of amine group in CO₂ absorption of TTTM confirmed by DFT analysis. Is it possible to improve CO₂ solubility in potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃)-based transition temperature mixtures (TTMs)? To assess this possibility, a ternary transition-temperature mixture (TTTM) was prepared by using a hindered amine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was employed to detect the functional groups including hydroxyl, amine, carbonate ion, and aliphatic functional groups in the prepared solvents. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was found that the addition of AMPD to the binary mixture can increase the thermal stability of TTTM. The viscosity findings showed that TTTM has a higher viscosity than TTM while their difference was decreased by increasing temperature. In addition, Eyring’s absolute rate theory was used to compute the activation parameters (ΔG*, ΔH*, and ΔS*). The CO₂ solubility in liquids was measured at a temperature of 303.15 K and pressures up to 1.8 MPa. The results disclosed that the CO₂ solubility of TTTM was improved by the addition of AMPD. At the pressure of about 1.8 MPa, the CO₂ mole fractions of TTM and TTTM were 0.1697 and 0.2022, respectively. To confirm the experimental data, density functional theory (DFT) was employed. From the DFT analysis, it was found that the TTTM+ CO₂ system has higher interaction energy (|ΔE |) than the TTM+ CO₂ system indicating the higher CO₂ affinity of the former system. This study might help scientists to better understand and to improve CO₂ solubility in these types of solvents by choosing a suitable amine as HBD and finding the best combination of HBA and HBD.     

热水解超声组合预处理对污泥厌氧消化产气潜力的影响研究

针对城市污泥厌氧消化由于融胞困难所导致的消解速率低、产气量低等问题,采用热水解与超声组合的方法对污泥进行预处理,考察经预处理后污泥融胞效率的变化及对厌氧消化产气潜力的影响.结果显示,热水解与超声波组合工艺对污泥的破胞作用明显,在30 min热水解与0.53 W/mL超声声能密度组合工艺反应60 min条件下,相对于处理前污泥,预处理后污泥溶解性COD(SCOD)溶出率可提高41.6％,蛋白质增加值达282.7 mg/L,污泥厌氧消化的产气潜力显著增加;30 min热水解分别与0.53、0.33 W/mL超声声能密度组合工艺对污泥破胞效率的差异不大;随着超声时间的延长,在组合预处理工艺前20 min内SCOD的溶出速率较慢,20260 min时溶出速率逐渐提高.试验结果可为城市污泥厌氧消化预处理工艺的选择提供一定的理论依据.     

广东省从化温泉热矿水水化学与同位素特征

从化温泉位于广东省从化市东北,地处广从断裂带北东段,泉点沿NW及NE向次级断裂出露,热水出露于燕山期花岗岩中。温泉为中低温、偏碱性的低矿化水。热水中的阳离子以K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO^-₃为主,属于HCO₃-Na及HCO₃-Na·Ca水。热水中偏硅酸、氟含量较高,同时含有锂、锶、钡、硼酸等微量组分及放射性组分镭、氡。由D和¹⁸O组分表明热水起源于大气降水。根据玉髓温标计算的热储温度为82.14~93.52℃。由镭-氡法测定热水年龄,可知热水在地下滞留时间较短,循环较快,如开采量不大且采用采停交替的方式,有助于热水的可持续利用。     

An analysis on spatial variation of urban human thermal comfort in Hangzhou, China

Urban human thermal comfort (UHTC) is affected for interacting of weather condition and underlying surface framework of urban area. Urban underlying surface temperature value and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) were calculated using image interpreting and supervised classification technique by ERDAS IMAGE software using 1991 and 1999 Landsat TM images data. Reference to the relational standard of assessing human thermal comfort and other meteorology data of Hangzhou City in summer, air temperature and relative humidity variation of different land types of underlying surface were inversed. By choosing discomfort index as an indictor, the spatial distribution characteristic and the spatial variation degree of UHTC were estimated and mapped on a middle scale, that is, in six districts of Hangzhou. The main characteristics of UHTC spatial variation from 1991 to 1999 were revealed using a GIS-based calculation model. The variation mechanism were analyzed and discussed from the viewooint of citv olannino, construction and environmental orotection.     

饮用水源水库铁锰垂直分布规律及原因

经对水温分层型季节性缺氧水库铁、锰污染的研究表明,Fe、Mn分布随着季节变化、水库水温分层而变化,呈现明显的垂直分布规律:高浓度Fe、Mn主要出现在水温分层期水库中、下层,与库底缺氧、pH值下降、基岩溶蚀、沉积物高浓度Fe、Mn释放造成的二次污染等密切相关,从而为自来水厂实施优化分层取水和污染控制提供了依据.     

温度交变下液态乙烷回气管线热应力数值计算与现场测试*

为解决低温交变载荷下液态乙烷回气管线面临的安全问题,采用有限元法和现场试验研究管线在低温交变载荷下无裂纹和含轴向裂纹管线的热应力分布。结果表明:管内温度沿周向和轴向分布具有较大的不均匀性,内外壁温度分布趋势基本相似;随着计算时间的延长,管线整体热应力先增大再减小;卸压、温度回升过程中,管内温差逐渐减小,热应力逐渐减小;裂纹处的热应力大于远离裂纹及无裂纹处的热应力;对管线热应力变化进行现场监测,试验数据与仿真结果吻合。研究结果可为低温情况下液态乙烷回气管线的方案设计提供参考和指导。     

从"珠三角火力发电厂排污交易试验计划"看粤港区域环境管理制度创新机遇

总结排污交易在中国的发展历程,展望"珠三角火力发电厂排污交易试验计划实施方案"实施,粤港区域环境管理将面临着一次新的挑战,也是区域环境保护制度创新的重大机遇.     

关于改善石家庄市空气质量的建议

针对电力和供热导致石家庄市空气污染严重的问题，结合该市目前的电力和供热现状，提出了减少污染的措施及建议，希望对改善该市空气质量起到促进作用。