Parallel and Serial Methods of Calculating Thermal Insulation in European Manikin Standards

Abstract

Standard No. EN 15831:2004 provides 2 methods of calculating insulation: parallel and serial. The parallel method is similar to the global one defined in Standard No. ISO 9920:2007. Standards No. EN 342:2004, EN 14058:2004 and EN 13537:2002 refer to the methods defined in Standard No. EN ISO 15831:2004 for testing cold protective clothing or equipment. However, it is necessary to consider several issues, e.g., referring to measuring human subjects, when using the serial method. With one zone, there is no serial-parallel issue as the results are the same, while more zones increase the difference in insulation value between the methods. If insulation is evenly distributed, differences between the serial and parallel method are relatively small and proportional. However, with more insulation layers overlapping in heavy cold protective ensembles, the serial method produces higher insulation values than the parallel one and human studies. Therefore, the parallel method is recommended for standard testing.     

Thermal Strain in Fire Fighters While Wearing Task-Fitted Versus EN 469:2005 Protective Clothing During a Prolonged Rescue Drill

Fire fighters are normally overprotected during their working hours because of the tendency to keep the personal protection level sufficiently high in case of the worst possible scenarios. This study investigated the effects of task-fitted protective clothing on thermal strain in fire fighters as compared to EN 469:2005 protective clothing during a prolonged (2 1/2 hrs) job-related rescue drill under neutral and hot climates. The subjects were 23 healthy, physically fit professional male fire fighters aged 26–44 years. Measurements included cardiovascular and thermal responses and subjective assessments. Wearing task-fitted clothing during rescue tasks in a neutral climate considerably reduced total thermal and cardiovascular strain in prolonged rescue work. The fire fighters also perceived physical work as significantly harder on average, and reported more intense subjective discomfort while wearing EN 469:2005 as compared to task-fitted clothing.     

MPP协同MF@ADP阻燃低密度聚乙烯性能研究*

为提高低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）阻燃性能和阻燃LDPE复合材料的力学性能与抑烟性能,采用原位聚合法制备三聚氰胺-甲醛（MF）树脂包覆二乙基次磷酸铝（ADP）的MF@ADP微胶囊,再引入三聚氰胺聚磷酸（MPP）与MF@ADP进行协效复配,熔融共混制备阻燃LDPE复合材料。通过氧指数、热重分析、力学测试和烟密度测试等研究复合材料的阻燃、力学和抑烟性能。研究结果表明:MF@ADP微胶囊能改善阻燃剂与复合材料之间的相容性,与MPP复配构成的磷-氮膨胀阻燃体系能有效提高LDPE的抑烟性能;当MF@ADP∶MPP的质量比为2∶1时,材料的LOI达到了30.6%,垂直燃烧测试达到UL-94 V0级,拉伸强度为11.8 MPa,且形成的P/N/O高聚物炭层稳定性更高,可减少LDPE燃烧释放的烟雾量。     

冷冲击条件下饱水煤样结构损伤规律研究*

为探究煤体在冷冲击影响下强度损伤特征及细观结构演化规律,通过自制低温冲击系统,利用声发射、金相显微镜宏观与细观手段结合的方法,基于ImageJ图像分析软件分别对干燥煤样、饱水煤样冷冲击前后细观结构演化进行量化表征,并通过测试渗透率验证煤体结构变化带来的增透效果,研究结果表明:在煤体中超声波波速随冷冲击温度降低而下降;相同时间内,冷冲击温度越低,声发射振铃计数表现越活跃,煤体释放能量愈大,致裂效果越显著;经冷冲击后的饱水煤样相对于干燥煤样会产生更多的斜向新生裂隙,新萌生裂隙与原生裂隙交汇贯通形成絮状网格,其渗透效果显著提升;随冲击温度的降低,抗压强度、弹性模量均增大。研究结果可为低温改善煤层透气性,增产煤层气及矿井瓦斯灾害防治技术提供理论依据。     

土壤微生物呼吸热适应性与微生物群落及多样性对全球气候变化响应研究

土壤微生物呼吸热适应性被认为是决定陆地生态系统对全球变暖反馈作用的潜在重要机制,可能显著改变未来的气候变化趋势,然而,土壤微生物群落结构变化如何引起土壤微生物呼吸热适应性的研究目前尚存争议.该文针对气候变化对土壤微生物呼吸的影响研究,梳理了当前对土壤微生物呼吸的热适应性是否存在的争议和不同观点与结论,综述了气候变化对土...     

Non-Thermal Effect of Microwave Radiation on Human Brain

Summary This study focuses on an origin of interaction mechanism of microwave radiation with nervous system—quasi-thermal field effect. The microwave field can cause fluctuations and vibration of the charged particles and membranes in tissues. The hypothesis is, that this phenomenon is similar to the effect caused by Brown motion initiated by temperature and results in the same effects without rise in temperature. The electric field of 1 V/cm can introduce disturbance of the thermal equilibrium inside a cell of 10 μm radius, which is equivalent to disturbance produced by temperature rise of 1 K. The hypothesis, that microwave heating should cause an effect independent of the microwave modulation frequency, while field effect depends on modulation frequency, was examined experimentally. The 450 MHz microwave radiation, modulated at 7, 14 and 21 Hz frequencies, power density at the skin 0.16 mW/cm², was applied. The experimental protocol consisted of two series of five cycles of the repetitive microwave exposure at fixed modulation frequencies. Relative changes in EEG theta, alpha and beta rhythms of the group of 13 healthy volunteers were analysed. Analysis of the experimental data shows that: (1) statistically significant changes in EEG rhythms depend on modulation frequency of the microwave field; (2) microwave stimulation causes an increase of the EEG energy level; (3) the effect is most intense at beta1 rhythm and higher modulation frequencies. These findings confirm the quasi-thermal origin of the effect, different from average heating.     

居住区室外热环境的预测、评价与城市环境建设

利用改进的CTTC（集总参数）模型并结合计算流体力学模拟得到的小区风扬，可定量分析太阳辐射，绿化及建筑布局等因素对小区热环境的影响，并对小区不同区域内的热环境进行预测和评价，其结果可指导住区室外环境设计及规划，介绍了模拟预测小区室外热环境的方法，并结合实例进行了模拟计算和评价分析。     

“热水解-高温厌氧消化”工艺处理高含固率剩余污泥的中试研究

采取热水解(70℃)-高温厌氧消化工艺处理高固含率(8%~9%)的剩余污泥(中试).该工艺利用SRT为3 d的热水解促进细胞溶解以及高温厌氧消化加快污泥消化速率,有机物去除能力较强,并获得了较好的污泥稳定化效果.当厌氧消化的SRT在20 d以上时,总VSS去除率达到42.22%以上,且VSS去除率与厌氧消化的SRT呈线性正相关,相关系数达到0.915 3.在实际应用中,推荐高温厌氧消化的SRT为25 d.当停留时间接近时,本工艺与运行良好的传统污泥厌氧消化工程(含固率3%~5%)以及采用德国技术的高固消化工程的有机物去除率和甲烷产率相当.     

台州长潭水库铁锰质量浓度变化特征及其成因分析

2013年1月以及4~12月对浙江省台州市长潭水库库区及其入库河流进行调查,同时结合历年监测数据,考察了水源水库中铁、锰质量浓度的变化特征,并依据水库水体温度、溶解氧(DO)随水体深度的变化,探讨了铁、锰超标的成因.结果表明,长潭水库水体中铁锰质量浓度季节性变化特征明显,铁、锰质量浓度在6~8月较高,水库出水口处历年最高值分别为2.38 mg·L-1和1.24 mg·L-1.铁、锰质量浓度超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 383822002)中0.3 mg·L-1和0.1 mg·L-1限值的情况主要发生在5~10月,2013年水库出水口处铁锰峰值分别超标5.6倍和12.4倍.入库河流铁锰质量浓度最高值分别为0.89 mg·L-1和0.56 mg·L-1,均小于同期水库出水口处铁锰质量浓度,综合分析表明外源污染并非库区水体铁锰的主要来源.7月铁锰在水库底层的质量浓度达到最大,分别为2.42 mg·L-1和1.20 mg·L-1.水体温度、溶解氧以及铁锰质量浓度在夏季的垂向分布特征表明水体热分层引起的季节性缺氧导致了沉积物中铁锰的释放,热分层效应引发的内源污染是库区水体铁锰超标的直接原因.水源水库铁锰污染的控制应该采用高效直接的原位水质改善和修复技术.     

杂质对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响

为研究常见杂质如水、酸碱、金属、盐及橡胶等物质对过硫酸铵热稳定性的影响,对过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物在空气中的热分解反应和放热特性进行了测试,得到反应热、起始放热温度等热稳定性参数,在此基础上研究其反应动力学,得到表观反应活化能、指前因子等动力学参数,利用Semenov热爆炸模型计算了过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物的自加速分解温度(SADT)。结果表明:杂质的加入使过硫酸铵的热稳定性降低,计算得到过硫酸铵的SADT为155℃,通过对过硫酸铵及过硫酸铵与不同杂质混合物的SADT进行比较,发现上述杂质的加入均能使过硫酸铵的SADT降低,其中水、酸、氢氧化钠加入后过硫酸铵的SADT分别降低至75℃、80℃和75℃。