Canopy slope effect on the performance of the solar chimney power plant

Solar chimney power plants constitute an impressive construction by its size and its output seems low for its dimensions. Although many works have been carried out on the subject, there is still much scientific and technical improvement to be done. In the present work, we consider the modeling of turbulent flow under the effect of natural convection within a solar chimney power plant (SCPP) by performing numerical simulation using the Saturne Code coupled with Syrthes code. The objective of the study is the analysis of the collector cover slope influence on the performance of the SCPP in two cases. In the first case, the storage system considered is composed solely of the ground under the collector. For the second case, the storage system is made, in addition to the ground, of a 10 cm thick tub filled with water, covering the entire surface of the collector. The concept of minimizing the entropy production is also studied with the objective of optimizing the geometric configuration as well as the effect of the collector cover slope on the efficiency of SCPP. The boundary conditions are defined according to the meteorological data for a typical day available on the site of Adrar, Algeria. The results allow us to focus on the storage system influence on the SCPP performance and the duration of its operation after sunset. This leads to the improvement of the global efficiency of the SCPP. Results show the positive impact of the extra storage media use and the configuration which improves the velocity at the chimney entrance.     

回转窑式纯氧熔融焚烧垃圾技术研究

生活垃圾安全无害化处理是目前迫切需要解决的问题,直接气化熔融焚烧垃圾技术以降低二恶英排放方面巨大优势得到广泛关注,在此基础上提出纯氧熔融焚烧垃圾技术,几乎可以实现所有二次污染物近零排放。以350 t/d回转窑垃圾焚烧炉为例,对纯氧代替空气应用在回转窑上熔融焚烧垃圾系统进行了详细热力计算及分析。结果表明,纯氧熔融焚烧垃圾系统的锅炉效率可达90.56%,回转窑熔融焚烧系统还可以在垃圾焚烧后灰渣达到熔融温度的条件下,保持该系统热量平衡,稳定燃烧。并参考回转窑设计标准对该纯氧熔融焚烧城市生活垃圾的回转窑参数进行确定。     

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Water Temperature Regimes on the Snoqualmie River Network

Although mean temperatures change annually and are highly correlated with elevation, the entire thermal regime on the Snoqualmie River, Washington, USA does not simply shift with elevation or season. Particular facets of the thermal regime have unique spatial patterns on the river network and at particular times of the year. We used a spatially and temporally dense temperature dataset to generate 13 temperature metrics representing popular summary measures (e.g., minimum, mean, or maximum temperature) and wavelet variances over each of seven time windows. Spatial stream‐network models which account for within‐network dependence were fit using three commonly used predictors of riverine thermal regime (elevation, mean annual discharge, and percent commercial area) to each temperature metric in each time window. Predictors were strongly related (r² > 0.6) to common summaries of the thermal regime but were less effective at describing other facets of the thermal regime. Relationships shifted with season and across facets. Summer mean temperatures decreased strongly with increasing elevation but this relationship was weaker for winter mean temperatures and winter minimum temperatures; it was reversed for mean daily range and there was no relationship between elevation and wavelet variances. We provide examples of how enriched information about the spatial and temporal complexities of natural thermal regimes can improve management and monitoring of aquatic resources.     

Inefficiencies analysis of a point-focus CPV∕T system

In this paper, a point-focus concentrating photovoltaic and thermal (CPV∕T) system, sized for a domestic application, is presented in order to evaluate its inefficiencies and the related costs. The CPV∕T system adopts parabolic concentrator mirrors to reflect the light on triple-junction cells InGaP∕InGaAs∕Ge (indium--gallium phosphide∕indium--gallium arsenide∕germanium) placed on pipes, where the cooling fluid flows; CPV∕T system consists of three modules in parallel linked to a tank that works as hot water storage. The main maintenance problems are due to: moving parts such as the tracking system, cell wear linked to hotspot problems and optics cleaning. In particular, the model presented allows us to evaluate electric and thermal outputs, energy inefficiencies, and maintenance costs of the CPV∕T system. The analysis has been subdivided in several steps and a FMECA (Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis) approach has been considered to investigate the main failure modes and their relative effects in terms of efficiency losses and intervention costs. So, the inefficiencies analysis has allowed to identify the system malfunction causes, evaluating the impact due to the stops for each type of fault. Hence, an economic analysis has allowed to evaluate the CPV∕T system convenience when inefficiencies and maintenance incidence are also considered.     

Resilience to heat in public space: a case study of Adelaide,South Australia

During summer heatwaves, heat load exacerbates in urban heat islands (especially in hot climates) and threatens public life in cities. This paper examines the links between urban microclimates, outdoor thermal discomfort and public life through an exploratory case study. Heat resilience is highlighted as the ability of the space to support its normal activities when experiencing out-of-comfort temperatures. It also reports on the correlations between heat sensitive outdoor activities and urban greenery in three disparate case studies in Adelaide. Results indicate that necessary and optional activities start to decline after the apparent temperature reaches the threshold of 28?°C–32 °C, while activities in public spaces with more urban greenery show higher resilience to heat stress. Research findings propose heat resilience as a quality indicator in public space and support the application of urban greenery to make urban settings more resilient to heat stress.     

土壤粒径及有机质对多溴二苯醚热脱附的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了土壤粒径与土壤有机质含量对多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)热脱附的影响,以期为PBDEs污染土壤热脱附修复提供理论依据。实验结果表明,300℃停留30 min条件下,粒径为<75、75～125、125～250、250～425和425～850μm的土壤中PBDEs去除率分别为49.53%、73.88%、79.39%、83.56%和87.09%,PBDEs总去除率随粒径的增大而增大,土壤BDE209较BDE206、BDE207和BDE208更易于脱除。此外,温度低于450℃时,H2O2氧化部分去除有机质后土壤中PBDEs的去除率较原土高;表明,土壤有机质可能抑制土壤中PBDEs的热脱附。     

《火力发电厂锅炉烟气袋式除尘器滤料滤袋技术条件》标准解读

主要介绍了电力行业新标准《火力发电厂锅炉烟气袋式除尘器滤料滤袋技术条件》（DL／T1175—2012）的修订背景及主要内容,重点分析了针对火电行业应用的袋式除尘滤料纤维、基布、缝纫线等重要指标,并对今后的标准化发展进行了展望。     

油田注汽锅炉烟气余热利用与低碳减排

通过对注汽锅炉烟气余热利用潜力的分析及开展余热利用方式对比分析,采用在注汽锅炉对流段上安装热管换热器,使高温烟气与助燃空气换热,利用换热器回收烟气余热。该技术的现场应用,实现了注汽锅炉燃料单耗降低和污染物排放量降低的目的,取得了良好的节能、减排效果。     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

高超声速飞行器综合热管理及关键技术研究进展

从高超声速飞行器面临的内外热环境特点、热防护与舱内热管理的需求入手,面对热源增大、热沉受限的现状,提出需对高超声速飞行器舱外热防护与舱内热管理开展综合热管理与一体化设计,并分别针对热防护、舱内热管理以及综合热管理现有技术手段、应用特点以及发展趋势等方面开展综合论述与分析。在此基础上,对美国已经提出的一系列综合热管理计划的发展状况与关键技术点进行了综合论述。最后,从先进热管理单点技术、高超声速飞行器内外一体化耦合设计以及综合热管理系统快速建模与分析3方面分析了高超声速飞行器综合热管理关键技术。