保护性耕作对土壤养分及有机碳库的影响

以稻草覆盖免耕方式稻田冬种马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)为例,研究了保护性耕作对土壤养分以及有机碳库的影响.结果表明:保护性耕作能显著增加表层土层的养分含量,土壤氮素含量比传统耕作增加0.81%～7.24%,磷素含量增加14.95%～19.21%,钾素含量增加0.57%～15.40%,且全氮、全磷、全钾含量与传统耕作之间均达到了极显著差异水平,除碱解氮含量与传统耕作之间差异不显著外,速效磷与速效钾含量与传统耕作之间达到了显著差异水平与极显著差异水平;保护性耕作能增加土壤总有机碳与活性有机碳含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,0～10 cm土层土壤的碳库管理指数分别比传统耕作高出9.10%、13.95%,10～20 cm土层则比传统耕作略低.因此保护性耕作能使土壤朝着有利于土壤质量提高的方向发展.两个保护性耕作处理:免耕稻草覆盖(8 cm)、免耕覆盖稻草(8 cm)后盖黑色地膜之间差异不大.     

去除污泥中重金属铬的生物淋滤反应器设计与应用

用微生物方法去除污泥中重金属(生物淋滤法)是近年来发展的新技术,探索工程化的条件有重要的应用价值。设计了一套容积为1 m3的生物淋滤反应器,由生物淋滤池、搅拌器、曝气器和空气压缩机等构成。其中,搅拌叶轮由平叶桨和斜叶桨组合而成。利用制革污泥进行了半连续的生物淋滤试验,结果表明,在反应器中污泥与菌体和营养物质能充分混匀,经过2~5 d的处理,污泥pH持续下降到2.0以下,污泥中铬的溶出率达90%~99.5%。     

上海世博会低碳实践及对中国低碳旅游发展启示

以低碳经济和低碳旅游为视角,全面总结上海世博会在低碳旅游规划、低碳场馆、低碳旅游交通、新能源利用、碳交易机制和平台的建立、城市最佳实践区的设置等方面的经验,以探索符合中国低碳经济特征的低碳旅游发展模式.     

大庆油田含油污泥资源化利用技术与实践

随着水驱、化学驱、生物驱等二次、三次采油技术在油田的推广应用,在处理采出液、地面设施运行维护过程中,伴生了大量的含油污泥。含油污泥产生数量大,环境危害强,其处理及治理问题,已经成为各油田所面临的重大环保瓶颈。为解决污泥的排放去向问题,大庆油田开展含油污泥的资源利用技术研究,制定了DB23/T 1413-2010《油田含油污泥综合利用污染控制标准》,并规模建成了含油污泥处理站,实现了油田含油污泥的减量化、资源化处理。     

At-risk behaviour analysis and improvement study in an academic laboratory

Academic laboratories contain inherently substantial risk conditions that students could expose to chemical and physical hazards. Procedures and guidelines related to laboratory safety are commonly available for students to adhere. However, many injuries and accidents or even fatalities are reported due to students’ violated safety practices while working in the laboratory. There was no reported proactive method or systematic technique to monitor and control students’ at-risk behaviour in the laboratory. This paper presented a program known as laboratory at-risk behaviour and improvement system (Lab-ARBAIS) to monitor and control students’ at-risk behaviours in the laboratory. Lab-ARBAIS used computer database for data acquisition and analysis on students’ at-risk behaviours observed. Pre-program questions on students’ at-risk behaviours that frequently violated safety regulations were utilized by observers to give observation feedback. The collected feedback was analysed and the results were posted in students’ portal to allow everyone to acknowledge their safety habits and practices. The routine observations and posted results are to instill a psychology effect in student’s habitual safety practices by reminding them on their frequently violated safety regulations. The implementation of the Lab-ARBAIS program to chemical engineering laboratory as a case study had shown a significant improvement on students’ frequent at-risk behaviours. The Lab-ARBAIS can easily be adopted in any academic laboratories to manage students’ at-risk behaviours to ensure safe work environment. With minor enhancement, the Lab-ARBAIS can easily be extended to be used in industrial laboratories.     

Embedded wisdom or rooted problems? Aid workers' perspectives on local social and political infrastructure in post‐tsunami Aceh

This paper analyses the role of local social, cultural, and political institutions in post‐disaster reconstruction projects. It contends that such institutions are important considerations within community‐driven reconstruction initiatives, but are often viewed with ambivalence by external aid organisations. This paper draws upon in‐depth qualitative interviews with aid workers involved in the post‐tsunami reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia, to establish: (i) what roles community institutions were suited to play in the reconstruction; (ii) what were the limitations of community institutions when engaging with external aid agencies; (iii) how did external aid agencies engage with local community institutions; and (iv) how did external aid agencies perceive community institutions.     

耕作方式对太湖地区冬小麦生长季N_2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对2009年11月至2010年6月冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）生长季N2O排放通量进行田间原位观测,研究不同耕作方式（免耕、少耕、传统耕作）对太湖地区稻麦轮作系统麦季土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明：有植株参与下免耕、少耕和传统耕作的冬小麦生长季N2O平均排放通量分别为63.75μg·m-2·h-1、39.94μg·m-2.h-1和48.83μg·m-2·h-1,无植株参与下分别为73.48μg·m-2·h-1、52.97μg·m-2·h-1和63.60μg·m-2·h-1,麦季N2O排放通量的季节变化与5 cm、10 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著线性正相关（r=0.400＊～0.654＊＊,n=28）。小麦种植对N2O的排放影响较大,无植株参与的N2O季节总排放量显著高于有植株参与的处理（P〈0.05）;耕作方式显著影响冬小麦农田N2O季节总排放量（P〈0.05）,有植株参与下麦季N2O总排放量少耕较免耕和传统耕作分别减少37.3%和17.9%,无植株参与下分别减少28.0%和16.7%。研究表明太湖地区冬小麦采用少耕措施可减少麦季N2O的排放。     

苏格兰农业非点源污染管理措施评述及启示

农业是苏格兰非点源污染的主要来源,也是苏格兰水体污染的主要原因。介绍了苏格兰农业非点源污染的管理措施,包括:制定治理农业非点源污染的法律法规,并实施财政补贴的经济措施,以激励农场主采取科学的生产方式;通过修建人工湿地、缓冲带等技术措施减少农业非点源污染的影响,从而使河流水质得到提高。最后,探讨了对于苏格兰控制农业非点源污染的管理措施,中国可借鉴的经验,指出中国可从立法、经济措施、技术措施等方面完善农业非点源污染的管理,保护水环境。     

Disaster risk reduction and ‘built‐in’ resilience: towards overarching principles for construction practice

The emerging emphasis on disaster risk reduction has broadened the range of experts whose knowledge must be garnered to resolve complex socio‐technical challenges. This paper examines the role and position of the construction sector for addressing these concerns. Specifically, it examines the recursive nature of practices within the built environment, which can be seen as deeply ingraining fragmented approaches to the development process. These, in turn, render the industry a difficult arena within which to enact structural and cultural change. Based on a wide body of literature on resiliency a set of overarching principles are proffered to help inform efforts to overcome some of the barriers to creating a more resilient built environment. It is argued that these principles offer a point of departure for embedding resilience considerations at both project and institutional levels, although real change would demand challenging some of the conventions that currently underpin construction development.     

油气管道风险可接受标准与应用评述

为改善油气管道安全状况,基于风险可接受在安全管理中的重要性,介绍国内外风险可接受的研究与应用现状。阐述风险可接受的原则,分析和总结不同国家的风险可接受标准及其在油气管道中的应用,探讨国内外在上述领域的发展现状和差距,并针对我国相关研究与应用提出建议。结果表明:风险可接受体系应建立在风险可接受定量化的基础上,同时需要制定风险可接受标准和相应的油气管道行业规范,并将其应用于国家和行业的安全管理中。