我国茧丝绸行业发展循环经济的实践与探索

国家商务部将丝绸产品科技发展和贸易发展作为“十一五”发展重要主题之一。以国家循环经济第二批试点单位江苏南通鑫缘茧丝绸集团股份有限公司为例,介绍了蚕丝绸行业生产工艺特点及发展循环经济前景,以及其率先在我国茧丝绸行业开展循环经济工作的项目研究和实践,为促进蚕丝绸行业大力发展循环经济起到示范作用。     

淮南矿区煤矸石资源化利用实践

针对淮南矿区煤矸石的特性及产生情况,对淮南矿区近年来煤矸石资源化利用的实践进行了介绍,结合国内外煤矸石资源化利用现状提出了淮南矿区煤矸石资源化利用的发展方向.     

Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects

Fertilizer nitrogen (N) use is expanding globally to satisfy food, fiber, and fuel demands of a growing world population. Fertilizer consumers are being asked to improve N use efficiency through better management in their fields, to protect water resources and to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while sustaining soil resources and providing a healthy economy. A review of the available science on the effects of N source, rate, timing, and placement, in combination with other cropping and tillage practices, on GHG emissions was conducted. Implementation of intensive crop management practices, using principles of ecological intensification to enhance efficient and effective nutrient uptake while achieving high yields, was identified as a principal way to achieve reductions in GHG emissions while meeting production demands. Many studies identified through the review involved measurements of GHG emissions over several weeks to a few months, which greatly limit the ability to accurately determine system-level management effects on net global warming potential. The current science indicates: (1) appropriate fertilizer N use helps increase biomass production necessary to help restore and maintain soil organic carbon (SOC) levels; (2) best management practices (BMPs) for fertilizer N play a large role in minimizing residual soil nitrate, which helps lower the risk of increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions; (3) tillage practices that reduce soil disturbance and maintain crop residue on the soil surface can increase SOC levels, but usually only if crop productivity is maintained or increased; (4) differences among fertilizer N sources in N₂O emissions depend on site- and weather-specific conditions; and (5) intensive crop management systems do not necessarily increase GHG emissions per unit of crop or food production; they can help spare natural areas from conversion to cropland and allow conversion of selected lands to forests for GHG mitigation, while supplying the world's need for food, fiber, and biofuel. Transfer of the information to fertilizer dealers, crop advisers, farmers, and agricultural and environmental authorities should lead to increased implementation of fertilizer BMPs, and help to reduce confusion over the role of fertilizer N on cropping system emissions of GHGs. Gaps in scientific understanding were identified and will require the collaborative attention of agronomists, soil scientists, ecologists, and environmental authorities in serving the immediate and long-term interests of the human population.     

Demonstration as a Means to Translate Conservation Science into Practice

Abstract:  To be relevant to societal interests and needs, conservation science must explicitly lend itself to solving real-world problems. Failure to evaluate under field conditions how a new technology or method performs or the cost of its implementation can prevent its acceptance by end users. Demonstration, defined here as the translation of scientific understanding into metrics of performance and cost of implementation under real-world conditions, is a logical step in the challenging progression from fundamental research to application. Demonstration reduces scientific uncertainty and validates the hypothesis that a management approach is both effective and financially sustainable. Much like adaptive management, demonstration enables researchers and resource managers to avoid trial-and-error approaches and instead conduct unbiased assessment of management interventions. The participation of end users and regulators in the development and execution of demonstration projects ensures that performance measures are credible and increases the probability that successful innovations will be adopted. Four actions might better connect science to the needs of resource managers via demonstration. First, we recommend that demonstration be conducted as a formal process that documents successes and failures. Second, demonstration should be budgeted as an integral component of government agencies' science programs and executed as a partnership between researchers and managers. Third, public and private funders should increase the opportunities and incentives for academics to engage in demonstration. Fourth, social influences on adoption of new technologies and methods should be further explored. When end users can evaluate explicitly whether a new approach is likely to achieve management objectives, save money, and reduce risk under uncertainty, the professional community successfully has bridged a chasm between research and application .     

免耕与常规耕作下黑土腐殖酸含量与结构的差异

以东北农业科学院长期耕作定位实验为研究对象,结合元素分析和红外光谱来研究免耕与翻耕两种耕作方式对黑土腐殖酸含量与胡敏酸结构的影响。结果表明：免耕处理的腐殖酸含量高于常规耕作处理18.28%,两种耕作处理间HA/FA值差异很小;免耕处理的碳、氮和氢元素含量分别高于翻耕处理5.48%、36.49%和27.65%,N/C和H/C值也高于翻耕处理,而翻耕处理的O/C值高于免耕处理;不同耕作处理的红外光谱吸收带表现相似趋势,其中2920、2580、1620、1420和1220σ·cm-1处吸光度免耕信号高于翻耕,而1026、721σ·cm-1处吸光度相反。免耕增加了腐殖酸、胡敏酸及富里酸含量;免耕增加了黑土胡敏酸的芳香度、脂肪化程度和聚合程度,而翻耕作增加了黑土胡敏酸的氧化程度,这说明经过长达26年的免耕处理使黑土腐殖质结构趋于稳定,而翻耕处理使黑土腐殖质结构趋于简单。     

模拟稻田中氮磷的变化特征及其降污潜力分析

为研究稻田中氮磷的变化特征和降污潜力,采用室外微区模拟稻田春耕施肥耕整试验,在3、6cm和9cm等3个不同蓄水深度处理（分别表示为t-3、t-6、t-9）条件下,对稻田氮磷含量变化的动态特征及降污潜力进行了探讨。田面水氮磷质量浓度变化与土壤中氮磷的流失密切相关。土壤扰动、基肥（缓释肥）的释放、硝化-反硝化作用、悬浮颗粒物（SS）的物理沉降等综合因素的影响,是导致田面水氮磷质量浓度变化呈先升后降趋势的主要原因。在蓄水处理后1周内,各处理的田面水氮磷质量浓度大小顺序为：Ct-3〉Ct-6〉Ct-9,总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）质量浓度与蓄水深度呈显著的负相关（Y=-33.97x＋133.4,R2=0.999和y=-0.115x＋0.61,R2=0.994）。春耕插秧时,因水分管理要求,需要立即排水,相对于蓄水3cm的常规水分管理,若能蓄水9cm后再排放,可减少排放总氮45.57%~86.88%、总磷33.02%~62.79%;若蓄水6cm再排放,可减少排放总氮35.76%~72.13%、总磷9.88%~50%。但考虑到＂浅水活苗＂之实际,以人工蓄水5~6cm较为适宜。另外,在蓄水5~6cm的前提下,于第5d或第7d排水,减排降污效果显著;第5d排水,相比第3d排水,可减少排放总氮21.22%~55.41%、总磷67.67%~83.70%。从稻田春耕生产实际要求和降污效能综合考虑,选择6cm的蓄水深度并在第5d排水,是提高稻田减排降污潜力的农艺措施之一。     

不同耕作措施下土壤有机碳含量的模拟研究

应用甘肃农业大学定西旱农综合试验站的2001-2008年长期定位实验数据对DNDC模型进行验证,4个处理的相对误差均小于±10%,均方根误差在6.41%~12.96%之间,模型模拟值与实测值表现出较强的一致性,证明DNDC在模拟预测该地区土壤有机碳储量上是可行的。对定位试验的4个处理的长期(100 a)模拟表明,免耕覆盖秸秆(NTS)和传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)能够较大幅度地提高土壤有机碳含量,其土壤有机碳含量分别较初始值增加了74.76%和71.13%,免耕(NT)处理下土壤有机碳含量增加了39.18%,趋势较为平缓。而传统耕作不覆盖(T)处理下土壤有机碳呈下降趋势,较初始值减少了35.54%。土壤有机碳含量对土壤性状以及耕作管理措施变化的响应模拟研究表明,秸秆还田和施用有机肥是最有效的提高土壤有机碳含量的耕作措施,而土壤性状,尤其是初始有机碳含量是影响土壤有机碳变化的最主要敏感因素。DNDC模型模拟得出,实行秸秆覆盖或还田及免耕等耕作措施将有效持续地增加土壤有机碳含量,提高土壤的可持续利用能力。     

鞍钢鲅鱼圈钢渣热闷处理工程的EPC总承包项目管理实践

鞍钢鲅鱼圈80万t/a钢渣热闷处理生产线是环保示范工程项目,采用了目前国际上流行的EPC工程管理模式进行投资建设。中国京冶工程技术有限公司作为该项目的EPC总承包商,充分发挥了设计在工程总承包中的主导作用,运用成熟的EPC总承包项目管理经验成功完成了该项目的承建。对鞍钢鲅鱼圈钢渣热闷处理工程的EPC总承包项目管理实践进行了详细的论述。     

覆盖作物及耕作方法对土壤丝状真菌生物量的影响

以日本国立大学法人茨城大学农学部田间科学教育研究中心附属农场为研究对象,在不同季节(2004年5月、10月和2005年5月、10月)对农田采取旋耕、梨耕和免耕处理,并在每一耕作处理区分别种植黑麦(Secale cereale L .)、毛野豌豆(Vicia villosa Roth)和杂草(休闲处理对照区),来研究覆盖作物及耕作方法对土壤中真菌生物量的影响效果.结果表明,在免耕处理区,覆盖黑麦、毛野豌豆和杂草的土壤表层(0～10 cm)中,其真菌的牛物量均分别高于相应覆盖物的深层土壤(10～30 cm)中真菌的生物量,并且覆盖黑麦的土壤表层中真菌的生物量比覆盖毛野豌豆的高很多,在2004年5月和10月测得的土壤表层中,覆盖黑麦的真菌生物量分别是覆盖毛野豌豆的1.2和1.8倍,在2005年5月和10月,分别是1.6和1.2倍.对旋耕和梨耕处理区,在不同深度的土层和覆盖物的条件下,真菌生物量均没有明显变化.从上述结果,不同的耕作方式和覆盖不同的作物都会影响土壤中真菌的生物量,并且,免耕和覆盖黑麦相结合,对土壤表层中的真菌生物量影响最为显著.另外,在不同的土壤层之间,表层中的真菌生物量要高于深层土壤.     

航电枢纽工程建设期环境监理实践与思考

在不断加强建设项目环境保护事中事后监督管理的背景下,针对航电枢纽工程建设施工的特点,指出工程建设单位开展环境监理工作的必要性。根据航电枢纽工程建设期环境影响因素,分析建设期环境监理工作要点,并对环境监理实践经验进行总结,为航电枢纽工程建设单位落实建设期环境保护主体责任,顺利开展环境保护和环境监理工作提供参考借鉴。