温带亚高山针叶林土壤碳循环微生物群落的时空动态

选取参与碳固定的二磷酸羧化/加氧酶基因（cbbM）、有机碳降解的淀粉酶基因（amylase）和纤维素酶基因（cellulase）作为分子标记,用实时定量PCR方法对温带亚高山华北落叶松（Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii）林、白杄（Picea meyeri）林、青杄（P.wilsonii）林和油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林土壤碳循环功能微生物类群丰度的时空动态开展研究.结果显示,总碳（TC）、总氮（TN）、总硫（TS）、有机质（OM）和有机碳（TOC）、pH值、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性在4种森林土壤中都有不同程度的差异,且有显著的季节变化特征.高海拔华北落叶松林土壤TC、TN、TS、C/N、OM和TOC含量最高,而pH值最低.土壤TC、TN、亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）含量、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,与碳循环微生物类群的丰度呈极显著相关.土壤NO₃^--N含量与有机碳分解和固碳微生物类群的相对丰度显著相关;土壤C/N、NO₂^--N、pH值、OM、TOC、过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性,与降解易分解碳（labile C）和难分解碳（recalcitrant C）的微生物类群的相对丰度呈极显著相关.植被类型和季节变化共同影响土壤碳循环微生物类群的丰度,而季节变化是主导因素.植被和土壤环境因子通过调控微生物群落碳代谢功能类群的结构,影响森林土壤碳源-汇的平衡.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩,馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理,再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下,处理后出水pH6～9,COD 302mg／L,BOD5 108mg／L,SS30mg／L,色度36倍,水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Crowding and Experience-Use History: A Study of the Moderating Effect of Place Attachment Among Water-Based Recreationists

Effective recreation resource management relies on understanding visitor perceptions and behaviors. Given current and increasing pressures on water resources, understanding crowding evaluations seems important. Beyond crowding, however, variables that possibly relate to or influence crowding are of interest and in particular, place attachment and experience-use history (EUH). As EUH is related to place attachment and likely affects crowding, this study explored the moderating effect of place attachment dimensions on the relationships between EUH and visitor crowding evaluations. Water based recreationists at a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers site were contacted onsite and asked questions related to experience-use history, crowding evaluations, place attachment, and activity participation. Anglers and campers at the site identified similar crowding perceptions and place attachments. Only one of eight models tested revealed a moderating effect. Specifically, place identity moderated the relationship between the total times visited in the past twelve months and expected crowding among anglers. As such, the quest continues to understand the relationship among these important variables.     

湖北省棉花生产变化影响因子研究

利用灰色关联分析方法,探讨了湖北省近50多年来棉花生产的总体变化趋势及影响湖北省棉花总产量的各项因子。结果表明,棉花单产是影响湖北省棉花总产量的首要因子,播种面积对棉花总产的影响仅次于单产,其制约作用呈上升趋势;自然因素对棉花总产量的影响不断下降;有效灌溉面积对湖北省棉花总产量有逐步增强的制约趋势;农业机械总动力、农业用电量以及化肥施用量对湖北省棉花总产也有着重要的影响。     

Generation of Monthly Precipitation Under Climate Change for the Upper Blue Nile River Basin,Ethiopia1

Abstract: This work develops a methodology to project the future precipitation in large river basins under limited data and climate change while preserving the historical temporal and spatial characteristics. The computationally simple and reliable conditional generation method (CGM) is presented and applied to generate reliable monthly precipitation data in the upper Blue Nile River Basin of Ethiopia where rain‐fed agriculture is prevalent. The results showed that the temporal analysis with the CGM performs better to reproduce the historical long‐term characteristics than other methods, and the spatial analysis with the CGM reproduced the historical spatial structure accurately. A 100‐year time series analysis using the outcomes of the six general circulation models showed that precipitation changes by the 2050s (2040 through 2069) can be ?7 to 28% with a mean increase of about 11%. The seasonal results showed increasing wet conditions in all seasons with changes of mean precipitation of 5, 47, and 6% for wet, dry, and mild seasons, respectively.     

Trends in airborne particulates in Stuttgart, Germany: 1972-2005

Since 1972, at the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart, Germany, airborne particulate matter (PM12 and then PM10) was continuously collected on filters and analyzed for environmentally relevant elements by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The resulting long-term time series are suitable for the investigation of trends and of seasonal variation. For the period 1972-2005, monthly and annual concentration mean values of 13 elements (Br, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Ti, V, and Zn) in the air are presented. Trend curves were fitted and the mean yearly variation of the concentration for these elements was calculated and represented graphically. All trend curves show a diminution of the air pollution during this period, but to different extents. Mean trends in percent per year were calculated for each element both for the entire investigation period and for three data subsets of 10-11 years. Possible explanations are discussed in detail.     

水力负荷对厌氧氨氧化反应器运行影响的研究

采用一套有效容积为4.46 L的UASB-ANAMMOX反应器,通过对水力负荷进行3个阶段的调节,研究水力停留时间对ANAMMOX反应器处理效果的影响.3个阶段的水力负荷分别为0.20～0.25、0.38～0.43、0.16～0.20 L/(Ld).在试验过程中,水力负荷的冲击对NH 4-N、NO-2-N的去除率影响明显.其中水力负荷为0.20～0.25 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率都能达到99%以上;当水力负荷为0.38～0.43 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率分别降至64%和62%;当水力负荷为0.16～0.20 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率立刻分别回升至94%和97%.ANAMMOX反应过程中,NO-2-N和NH 4-N的去除量比值基本在1.3∶1.0左右变化,ANAMMOX反应的优势菌种代谢在运行过程中会将一部分NO-2-N转化为NO-3-N,水力负荷的改变对NO-3-N的出水浓度影响不大;但NO-3-N日生成量与水力负荷的大小成正比.试验表明,UASB-ANAMMOX反应器对水力负荷冲击有较强的抵抗力,但是仍会造成一定量的ANAMMOX反应的优势菌流失,使该反应器在短时间内不能恢复最佳的去除效果.     

黄孢原毛平革菌处理染料废水过程中细胞结构损伤效应研究

利用透射电子显微镜观察分析白腐真菌(黄孢原毛平革菌)在处理染料废水活性艳红X-3B过程中,染料和盐度对黄孢原毛平革菌的细胞结构产生的毒性作用.结果表明:活性艳红X-3B染料对黄孢原毛平革菌产生生物毒性作用,且随着染料浓度的增加,细胞受损伤程度不断加深.加入100 mg/L的染料活性艳红X-3B后,黄孢原毛平革菌菌丝细胞形态发生变化,出现质壁分离现象;染料浓度进一步加大,菌丝细胞超微结构受到损伤逐渐严重.染料废水中的盐度对黄孢原毛平革菌细胞也会造成损伤,且损伤程度随盐度增大而增大.NaCl浓度为3 g/L时,菌丝细胞发生质壁分离;而当NaCl加入量高于8 g/L时,细胞膜受损,线粒体、细胞核呈现空泡化,表现为受到不可逆的损伤.染料和盐双因子对黄孢原毛平革菌细胞的损伤效应表现为其损伤程度与单因子作用一致,且染料的影响作用占主导.     

Phosphorus Load Reduction Goals for Feitsui Reservoir Watershed, Taiwan

The present paper describes an effort for developing the total maximum daily load (TMDL) for phosphorus and a load reduction strategy for the Feitsui Reservoir in Northern Taiwan. BASINS model was employed to estimate watershed pollutant loads from nonpoint sources (NPS) in the Feitsui Reservoir watershed. The BASINS model was calibrated using field data collected during a 2-year sampling period and then used to compute watershed pollutant loadings into the Feitsui Reservoir. The simulated results indicate that the average annual total phosphorus (TP) loading into the reservoir is 18,910 kg/year, which consists of non-point source loading of 16,003 kg/year, and point source loading of 2,907 kg/year. The Vollenweider mass balance model was used next to determine the degree of eutrophication under current pollutant loading and the load reduction needed to keep the reservoir from being eutrophic. It was estimated that Feitsui Reservoir can becoming of the oligotrophic state if the average annual TP loading is reduced by 37% or more. The results provide the basis on which an integrated control action plan for both point and nonpoint sources of pollution in the watershed can be developed.     

Spatial & temporal variations of PM10 and particle number concentrations in urban air

The size of particles in urban air varies over four orders of magnitude (from 0.001 μm to 10 μm in diameter). In many cities only particle mass concentrations (PM10, i.e. particles <10 μm diameter) is measured. In this paper we analyze how differences in emissions, background concentrations and meteorology affect the temporal and spatial distribution of PM10 and total particle number concentrations (PNC) based on measurements and dispersion modeling in Stockholm, Sweden. PNC at densely trafficked kerbside locations are dominated by ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm diameter) due to vehicle exhaust emissions as verified by high correlation with NOx. But PNC contribute only marginally to PM10, due to the small size of exhaust particles. Instead wear of the road surface is an important factor for the highest PM10 concentrations observed. In Stockholm, road wear increases drastically due to the use of studded tires and traction sand on streets during winter; up to 90% of the locally emitted PM10 may be due to road abrasion. PM10 emissions and concentrations, but not PNC, at kerbside are controlled by road moisture. Annual mean urban background PM10 levels are relatively uniformly distributed over the city, due to the importance of long range transport. For PNC local sources often dominate the concentrations resulting in large temporal and spatial gradients in the concentrations. Despite these differences in the origin of PM10 and PNC, the spatial gradients of annual mean concentrations due to local sources are of equal magnitude due to the common source, namely traffic. Thus, people in different areas experiencing a factor of 2 different annual PM10 exposure due to local sources will also experience a factor of 2 different exposure in terms of PNC. This implies that health impact studies based solely on spatial differences in annual exposure to PM10 may not separate differences in health effects due to ultrafine and coarse particles. On the other hand, health effect assessments based on time series exposure analysis of PM10 and PNC, should be able to observe differences in health effects of ultrafine particles versus coarse particles.