电絮凝处理油田生化出水

为了减轻对后续处理中超滤膜的污染,采用电絮凝法处理油田生化出水,降低油田生化出水中的有机物含量。研究了电流强度、曝气时间和pH值对水中总有机碳（TOC）和浊度除去效果的影响以及pH值随曝气时间的变化趋势,通过红外光谱对絮凝处理前后水中总溶解固体进行了分析,优化了电絮凝的工艺条件。研究表明,当水流速度控制在50 mL/s,电流强度为2 A,500 mL絮凝出水的曝气时间为30 min时,整套絮凝工艺对TOC的去除率为48%,浊度去除率为42.9%,COD去除率为44%。     

厌氧折流板式微生物燃料电池堆影响因素研究

微生物燃料电池(MFC)中输出电压/电流的提升,以及反应器体积的扩展放大是其工程化应用的关键。本文构建了一个总体积为6.4 L的新型厌氧折流板式微生物燃料电池堆(ABSMFC)。以葡萄糖作为底物,探讨了阳极材料、液面高程差和水力停留时间(HRT)等因素对ABSMFC性能的影响。结果表明,碳纤维毡作为阳极时,电池单体外电路平均分压(R_(ex)=1 000Ω)为210 mV,填充石墨颗粒后增加到319.8 mV。格室间存在液面高程差时,电池单体、串联和并联的功率密度分别为207.1、181.1和215.7 mW/m~2,当无液面高程差(即水力相连)时为205.8、69.5和151.5 mW/m~2。4个电池单体串联和并联连接时,HRT对ABSMFC的产电稳定性无影响,溶解性COD的去除率和库仑效率均随HRT的增加而升高,且并联效果优于串联。     

铁炭复配修复地下水中NO_3~--N的条件研究

采用了铁炭复配修复地下水中NO3--N,探讨了实验条件对修复效果的影响。结果表明,在pH值近中性条件(初始pH 6.42)下,反应时间为1 h时NO3--N修复率达到60.85%;Fe/C=1∶1时介质最佳用量分别为4~5 g;Fe/C=1/1.5时修复率为72.80%;反应速率在高振荡强度下大于低振荡强度;氧化铜的催化效果最好,可使修复率提高7.5个百分点。铁炭复配介质修复地下水中NO3--N是有效可行的,修复率随反应时间的增加而提高,在Fe/C=1∶1时修复率与介质用量呈正相关,无限减小Fe/C比并不能无限提高修复率,振荡强度对修复具有显著影响,低振荡强度下的修复过程较高强度存在滞后现象,并非所有金属氧化物催化剂对铁炭修复NO3--N均有促进作用。     

HRT对固定床厌氧反应器运行效果的影响

为了考察水力停留时间(HRT)对炭纤维载体固定床厌氧反应器运行效果的影响,在进水COD分别为20 000~25 000 mg/L和40 000~45 000 mg/L2个浓度范围下,研究了不同HRT对反应器运行效果的影响。结果表明,通过HRT的调整,在达到相同有机负荷(OLR)下,进水COD为20 000~25 000 mg/L的COD去除率和产气量,明显比进水COD为40 000~45 000 mg/L的运行效果好;进水COD为20 000~25 000 mg/L,HRT为14 h,相应的OLR为41.09 kgCOD/(m3.d)时,COD去除率仍然维持在68%以上,沼气容积产气率达到14.55 m3/(m3.d)。炭纤维载体固定床厌氧反应器具有较高的COD去除率、产气效率以及抵抗低pH、高负荷冲击的能力,运行过程中没有发生反应器堵塞的现象。     

Temporal patterns of atmospheric mercury species in northern Mississippi during 2011–2012: Influence of sudden population swings

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particulate bound mercury (PBM) were measured on the University of Mississippi campus from July 2011 to June 2012. It is believed to be the first time that concentrations of atmospheric mercury species have been documented in northern Mississippi, and at a location with relatively large and sudden swings in population. The mean concentration (±1SD) of GEM was 1.54 ± 0.32 ng m⁻³; levels were lower and generally more stable during the winter (1.48 ± 0.22) and spring (1.46 ± 0.27) compared with the summer (1.56 ± 0.32) and fall (1.63 ± 0.42). Mean concentrations for GOM and PBM were 3.87 pg m⁻³ and 4.58 pg m⁻³, respectively; levels tended to be highest in the afternoon and lowest in the early morning hours. During the fall and spring academic semesters concentrations and variability of GOM and PBM both increased, possibly from vehicle exhaust. There were moderate negative correlations with wind speed (all species) and humidity (GOM and PBM). Backward air mass trajectory modeling for the ten highest peaks for each mercury species revealed that the majority of these events occurred from air masses that passed through the northern continental US region. Overall, this study illustrates the complexity of temporal fluctuations of airborne mercury species, even in a small town environment.     

Trends of perfluorochemicals in Greenland ringed seals and polar bears: Indications of shifts to decreasing trends

Time-series of perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs) in East Greenland polar bears and East and West Greenland ringed seals were updated in order to deduce whether a response to the major reduction in perfluoroalkyl production in the early 2000s had occurred. Previous studies had documented an exponential increase of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) in liver tissue from both species. In the present study, PFOS was still the far most dominant compound constituting 92% (West Greenland ringed seals), 88% (East Greenland ringed seals) and 85% (East Greenland polar bears). The PFOS concentrations increased up to 2006 with doubling times of approximately 6 years for the ringed seal populations and 14 years in case of polar bears. Since then a rapid decrease has occurred with clearing half-lives of approximately 1, 2 and 4 years, respectively. In polar bears perfluorohexane sulphonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulphonamide (PFOSA) also showed decreasing trends in recent years as do perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). For the West Greenland ringed seal population perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), PFDA and PFUnA peaked in the mid 2000s, whereas PFNA, PFDA and PFUnA in the East Greenland population have been stable or increasing in recent years. The peak of PFASs in Greenland ringed seals and polar bears occurred at a later time than in Canadian seals and polar bears and considerably later than observed in seal species from more southern latitudes. We suggest that this could be explained by the distance to emission hot-spots and differences in long-range transport to the Arctic.     

Swine wastewater treatment in a two stage sequencing batch reactor using real‐time control

Abstract

A laboratory scale two‐stage sequencing batch reactor (TSSBR) was used to study the effectiveness of pH as a real‐time control parameter in swine wastewater treatment. A Ringlace media was inserted into the A/O (Anoxic/Oxic) reactor for bacteria immobilization. The TSSBR was subjected to three levels of organic loading. The pH and ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) patterns obtained were consistent with distinct features, enabling the real‐time control strategy to effectively set a flexible aeration time pending on influent concentration, hence resulting in flexible cycle time and HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) for the system. The real‐time process ensured a removal efficiency of over 99% and 95%, respectively, for ammonia and TOC (Total Organic Carbon). For NO₃ ^‐‐N and PO₄ ^‐3, the run with influent TOC = 4,000 mg/L yielded the most efficient removal of 61% and 95%, respectively. Test results suggest that pH can be a viable tool for on‐line real‐time control of a biological treatment process.     

以焦炭为填料的生物滴滤塔处理含挥发性脂肪酸臭气

在以焦炭为填料的生物滴滤塔对挥发性脂肪酸臭气的处理研究中考察了空床停留时间、臭气浓度、体积负荷以及进气温度等参数对净化效果的影响。结果表明,空床停留时间较长时对臭气降解有利。在停留时间超过97 s时,能实现完全降解;此外,净化率随臭气浓度和体积负荷的不断增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。当臭气浓度为24.29 mg/m³即臭气的体积负荷为3 g/（m³·h）时,去除率约为96%;当臭气浓度增至1 345.74 mg/m³即体积负荷增至18 g/（m³·h）,去除率达100%;然而,当臭气浓度增至4 934.38 mg/m³即体积负荷增至66 g/（m³·h）时,去除率降至73.1%。另外,进气温度对净化率也有一定程度影响。当进气温度较低时,净化效率相对较高。     

新型结构ABR的设计与水力特性研究

针对ABR自身的缺点,设计出一种新型结构的ABR.该反应器为双层结构,共有5部分组成,各部分容积各不相同.该反应器的设计思想是将ABR与生物滤池以及活性炭吸附等工艺相联合.这种设计能够最大程度地发挥各工艺的优势,进而达到更好的处理效果.通过脉冲响应实验对该反应器的水力特性进行研究,得出不同水力停留时间(HRT)下的停留...     

水力条件对复合人工湿地处理城市受污染河水效果的影响

通过对水力负荷、水力停留时间等水力条件的控制,观察其对复合垂直上行流人工湿地处理城市受污染河水效果的影响.一年多来的运行结果表明:水力条件对复合垂直上行流人工湿地去除其他污染物的影响显著,但对总氮去除的影响不大.水力停留时间的延长可提高总磷、氨氮、COD的去除效果;随着水力负荷的增加,总磷、氨氮、COD去除率都有所增加...