Assessment of heavy metal pollution and health risks in a main river in Huayuan County,Xiangxi, Hunan Province北大核心CSCD

To study heavy metal pollution and assess the health risk of river water in Huayuan County, Xiangxi, Hunan Province, 11 water samples were collected from the Huayuan River and Brother Rivers in August and December 2016. Heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni) concentrations were determined from the samples. The health risk assessment model recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was applied to assess the health risk of heavy metals in the main surface waters of Huayuan County. The results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni) of surface water in the research area were 2.57 × 10-3, 4.66 × 10-4, 1.65 × 10-3, 6.27 × 10-4, 0.19, and 8.50 × 10-4 mg/L, respectively. The health risk of surface waters with heavy metals was high. Therefore, the chemical carcinogenic substance (Cr) health risk index was five or six times higher than that of chemical non-carcinogens (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni). The average health risk indices of non-carcinogenic substances were in the order Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni. The correlation and principal component analysis of surface water showed that the six heavy metal elements were composed of three main components in the main surface waters of the county. The first principal component was comprised of Fe and Ni (33.28%), which was mainly from internal pollution. The second component was comprised of Cu and Cr (26.98%), which was primarily due to industrial waste water, rainwater leaching mineral waste produced by heavy metal mining, and smelting enterprises. The third component, resulting from geochemical pollution, was Zn (17.10%). The health risk indices triggered by heavy metal in surface waters was high. Heavy metal pollutants in the research area need to be controlled in the order Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于沉积物中总氮和总磷垂向分布与吸附解吸特征的白洋淀清淤深度

针对白洋淀清淤示范区2种主要水体类型：开阔淀和鱼塘,采用沉积物总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的垂向分布拐点法和吸附解吸平衡浓度法,开展了清淤深度确定研究.根据沉积物TN和TP含量垂向分布拐点法与吸附解吸平衡浓度分别确定的清淤深度是一致的.南刘庄示范区淀水体清淤深度为（50±10）cm,南刘庄示范区鱼塘水体清淤深度为（30±10）cm,采蒲台示范区鱼塘水体清淤深度为（30±10）cm.沉积物对NH₄⁺-N吸附/解吸平衡浓度（ENC₀）与交换态NH₄⁺-N含量和TN含量显著正相关;沉积物对溶解态活性磷（SRP）吸附/解吸平衡浓度（EPC₀）与沉积物交换态SRP含量和TP显著正相关.沉积物TN和TP含量可以预测沉积物对上覆水体释放氮、磷的风险.南刘庄和采蒲台清淤示范区沉积物有向上覆水释放氮、磷的趋势,沉积物是水体营养的来源.建议判别清淤深度TN控制值为750mg·kg^-1、TP控制值为500mg·kg^-1,沉积物剖面TN含量大于750mg·kg^-1、TP含量大于500mg·kg^-1,可设计为清淤层.     

Content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Florida panther

Populations of large carnivores are declining globally, and analysis of public discourse about carnivores is useful for understanding public opinion and influences on management and policy. Portrayal of carnivores in the media affects public perceptions and support for their conservation. We conducted a content analysis of 513 articles about Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) published from 2003 to 2006 in newspapers with local circulation in core panther habitat in southwest Florida and papers with statewide circulation to compare the differences in the amount of coverage and portrayals of panther risks to people and property on the basis of proximity of human communities to panthers. Local papers published significantly more news articles and significantly longer news articles primarily about panthers. Articles in local and statewide papers used both episodic frames, which focus on specific occurrences (e.g., a panther sighting or predation) and thematic frames, which focus on general trends (e.g., abundance of panthers over time). Local articles more often emphasized risks that panthers might harm people, pets, or livestock than statewide papers. Our results are consistent with theory that proximity to human-carnivore conflict influences perceptions and salience of risks posed by large carnivores. Most articles mentioned panthers as a secondary topic, which we believe was a result of the relevance an endangered carnivore has in discussions of public land management, development, and regulations in Florida. Claims made by sources quoted in each article had a neutral to positive depiction of panthers, and most quotations were from federal and state agency scientists. We suggest continued use by the media of agency sources provides the opportunity for clear, concordant messages about panther management. Content analysis provides a way to monitor media portrayal of carnivores for consistency with agency outreach goals.     

PBS共聚物对蚯蚓的蛋白质含量和纤维素酶活性的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓Eisennia foetida为研究对象,在滤纸接触法的基础上,采用自然土壤法进行急性毒性试验,研究了不同相对分子质量的PBS-co-PCL共聚物对蚯蚓蛋白质含量和纤维素酶活性的毒性效应。研究结果表明：随着暴露时间的增长,蚯蚓蛋白质含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势;第7天时,数均相对分子质量（Mn）为8.0×103的聚合物对蛋白质的影响较明显;第14天时,相对分子质量（Mn）为1.6×104和2.8×104的聚合物对蛋白质的影响较明显。聚合物相对分子质量（Mn）为8.0×103处理组中,纤维素酶活性受到的抑制作用较明显,聚合物含量为2.5%时,抑制作用达到最大。但是随着暴露时间的增长,这种抑制作用逐渐减小,即影响是暂时性的,纤维素酶活性变化比蛋白质含量变化更敏感。以上结果表明蚯蚓在实验过程中没有出现致病或致死现象,即聚合物对蚯蚓的影响较小。     

三种农作物秸秆燃烧颗粒态多环芳烃排放特征

收集3种农作物秸秆玉米,水稻和小麦露天燃烧排放的颗粒物样品,并利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对样品中的34种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析,研究颗粒态PAHs的排放因子及可用于源解析的诊断参数.结果表明,3种秸秆燃烧总PAHs的排放因子为644.18~1798.13μg/kg;其中4环PAHs在秸秆燃烧样品中含量最高,约占38.8%~58.8%,6环PAHs所占比例相对较小,约占5.72%~15.17%.PAHs中部分单体具有相对较强致癌性,对环境和人体健康的影响不可忽视.首次检测分子量为300的高分子多环芳烃二苯并[a,e]荧蒽.在玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆燃烧排放颗粒物中的排放因子分别为6.70,2.77和2.92μg/kg.此外,研究发现BaP/BghiP, Phe/Phe+Ant和Flu/(Flu + Pyr)比值可以作为较好的区分秸秆燃烧与其他来源的诊断参数.     

基于GIS的华北某市潜层地下水总硬度变化趋势分析

随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市潜层地下水水质逐渐变差。研究以华北地区某重点城市为研究对象,基于Arc GIS平台研究分析了该市1980年、1990年、2000年和2010年4个时间点的地下水总硬度时空变异特征。研究结果显示:研究区在1980—2010年间潜水总硬度高浓度区域大幅增加,地下水水质变差趋势非常明显。老城区地下水总硬度经历了1980—1990年迅速上升和1990年后稳中有降两个阶段;拓展区潜水总硬度总体上呈现先缓后急的上升趋势。     

流域总量控制下赣江流域控制单元划分技术

作为“控制单元的总量控制技术”的关键环节,控制单元的概念、内涵及划分方法一直存在较大分歧,其重要性没有得到应有的体现. 在分析欧美控制单元的基础上,提出了控制单元的概念(基于“控制单元的总量控制技术”的理念,为实现水环境容量总量的计算、分配和管理等目标,综合考虑水文、水环境、水生态和水体使用功能等因素而人为划分的水质目标管理单元),并阐述了其内涵. 基于GIS技术,采用多指标空间叠加分析和专家判断方法,提出了不同尺度流域的控制单元的划分原则、指标体系及技术路线,并以赣江和锦江流域为例进行了控制单元的划分,赣江流域划分为17个1级控制单元、57个2级控制单元;锦江流域划分为4个控制单元. 对锦江流域开展了非点源参与下动态水环境容量计算及控制单元总量动态分配,丰水期COD_Mn和NH₄+-N水环境容量分别占研究区年总容量的63.4%和60.6%. 假设总量利用率为70%,将控制单元的分配结果作为SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型的点源输入,验证控制单元划分方案的可行性,模拟结果显示,良田和均车断面的ρ(NH₄+-N)均满足GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质标准的要求,说明划分方案可行.      

Whole pictures of halogenated disinfection byproducts in tap water from China’s cities

When bromide/iodide is present in source water, hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid will be formed with addition of chlorine, chloramine, or other disinfectants. Hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid undergoes reactions with natural organic matter in source water to form numerous brominated/iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, tap water samples were collected from eight cities in China. With the aid of electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry by setting precursor ion scans of m/z 35, m/z 81, and m/z 126.9, whole pictures of polar chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples were revealed for the first time. Numerous polar halogenated DBPs were detected, including haloacetic acids, newly identified halogenated phenols, and many new/unknown halogenated compounds. Total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine were also measured to indicate the total levels of all chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples. The total organic chlorine concentrations ranged from 26.8 to 194.0 μg·L^–1 as Cl, with an average of 109.2 μg·L^–1 as Cl; the total organic bromine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 113.3 μg·L^–1 as Br, with an average of 34.7 μg·L^–1 as Br; the total organic iodine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 16.4 μg·L^–1 as I, with an average of 9.1 μg·L^–1 as I; the total organic halogen concentrations ranged from 31.3 to 220.4 μg·L^–1 as Cl, with an average of 127.2 μg·L^–1 as Cl.     

模拟降雨条件下料浆石对土壤水分入渗的影响

论文基于田间坡地人工模拟降雨实验,分析了料浆石覆盖及嵌入对入渗过程的影响,对比了其入渗速率及拟合参数的变化趋势。其结果表明,随料浆石覆盖度及料浆石嵌入含量的增加,入渗补给系数逐渐减小,且后者对其影响显著;料浆石嵌入小区的平均入渗速率及稳定入渗速率随料浆石含量的增加而缓慢减小。Kostiakov入渗经验公式和Philip方程均可以对降雨入渗过程进行描述。     

Anaerobic digestion of chicken feather with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge for biogas production

Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of chicken feathers with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge was assessed in two separate experiments. Ground feathers without any pre-treatment were added to 42-L digesters inoculated with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge, representing 37% and 23% of total solids, respectively and incubated at 25 °C in batch mode. Compared to the control without feather addition, total CH₄ production increased by 130% (P < 0.001) and 110% (P = 0.09) in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. Mixed liquor NH₄N concentration increased (P < 0.001) from 4.8 and 3.1 g/L at the beginning of the digestion to 6.9 and 3.5 g/L at the end of digestion in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. The fraction of proteolytic microorganisms increased (P < 0.001) during the digestion from 12.5% to 14.5% and 11.3% to 13.0% in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters with feather addition, respectively, but decreased in the controls. These results are reflective of feather digestion. Feather addition did not affect CH₄ yields of the swine manure digesters (P = 0.082) and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters (P = 0.21), indicating that feathers can be digested together with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge without negatively affecting the digestion of swine manure and slaughterhouse sludge.