水体和沉积物中毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法体系研究进展

人类活动导致大量毒害污染物进入水体和沉积物,从而对水生生物产生诸多不利影响.开展毒害污染物的生态风险评价,筛选高风险毒害污染物,是毒害污染物风险管控和生态系统保护的基础.对美国和欧盟等发达国家和地区毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法进行了综述.水体和沉积物中毒害污染物风险评价的基本方法首先是采用预测或测定环境浓度(PEC或M...     

三丁基锡对中国近海常见海洋微藻的毒性效应

研究三丁基氯化锡（TBT）对中国近海常见5种硅藻和甲藻（硅藻中丹麦细柱藻（Leptocylindrus danicus）、派格棍形藻（Bacilaria paxillifera）、聚生角毛藻（Chaetoceros socialis）,甲藻中微型原甲藻（Prorocentrum minimum）、简裸甲藻（Gymnodinium simplex））的毒性效应,考察了有机锡对浮游藻光合活性（Fv/Fm）、粒径、生长的影响。结果表明：派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻的光合活性（Fv/Fm）受TBT影响较显著;微型原甲藻、丹麦细柱藻的光合活性受TBT影响较小。高质量浓度TBT胁迫下海洋微藻峰值粒径显著减小,低质量浓度TBT对峰值粒径影响不显著。低质量浓度TBT对派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻、微型原甲藻均有较强的毒性作用,非检测毒性浓度（NDEC）分别为1.17、1.07、0.23、3.73μg.L-1,丹麦细柱藻对TBT具有很强耐受性,NDEC为112.62μg.L-1。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）对斑马鱼（Brachydanio rerio）生理生化特性的影响

为了研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对水生生物的毒性效应,将斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)暴露于DBP5个浓度组中96h急性染毒,测得其半致死浓度(96h-LC50)为8.51mg·L-1,从而得出其安全浓度为0.85mg·L-1.在此基础上,等对数浓度差设置4个质量浓度0.38、0.85、1.90、4.25mg·L-1进行20d慢性染毒,期间每5d测定斑马鱼的体重、肝重和鳃重,同时测定斑马鱼肝脏、鳃中SOD酶和ATPase活性.结果表明,斑马鱼比肝重总体随DBP浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长而升高(p<0.01),而比鳃重总体变化不大.随DBP浓度增大和暴露时间延长,斑马鱼肝脏、鳃中SOD酶和ATPase活性均显著受到抑制(p<0.01).     

1,2,4-三氯苯对3种海洋微藻的毒性效应

1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2种,4-TCB)是环境中普遍存在的持久性有机污染物之一,而1,2,4-TCB对藻类的毒性作用报道很少。以1,2,4-TCB处理后,3种海洋微藻(金藻Isochrysis Zhanjiangensis、角毛藻Platymonas Subcordiformis和扁藻Chaetoceros miielleri)的生长状况、蛋白质质量分数和叶绿素质量分数的改变来检测1,2,4-TCB对海洋微藻的毒性效应。结果表明:1,2,4-TCB对3种海洋微藻的生长均有一定的抑制作用,该效应表现出一定的浓度和时间依赖性;1,2,4-TCB处理4d后,3种海洋微藻细胞蛋白质质量分数和叶绿素质量分数下降,呈现一定的浓度—效应关系,这表明1,2,4-TCB对3种海洋微藻产生毒害效应,其作用机制可能与藻类光合作用功能降低和蛋白质功能受损有关。1,2,4-TCB在一定程度上降低了藻类饵料的利用价值,而且对食物链下游生物具有潜在的危害性。     

三氯生在水生生态系统中的污染现状及其生物毒性效应

三氯生(triclosan, TCS)是一种合成型广谱类抗菌剂,广泛应用于人类的生产生活,使用中伴随生活污水进入环境并已广泛分布,其中水生生态系统是TCS的主要污染区域之一。通过汇总分析国内外不同类型水生生态系统中TCS的调查研究结果,发现TCS已经普遍存在于淡水和近海水生生态系统中,生活污染处理厂出水是河流中TCS的主要污染源,区域污染水平与人口密度和工业发展程度密切相关;水体中的浓度受降雨、河口区潮汐作用以及季节影响; TCS对水生生物存在显著毒性效应,其效应浓度因物种而异,与生物的发育阶段也有关系。     

有毒化学品泄漏事故应急防护行动决策探讨

当发生有毒化学品泄漏事故时,为保护公众和工人的安全和健康,需要快速地选择合适的应急防护行动.通常采用的应急防护行动有疏散、隐蔽、使用个人防护装备和服用解毒剂等.决策者必须权衡大量影响因素间的相互作用,如化学品的释放特征、事故现场的气象条件及影响范围内的人群分布等来进行应急防护行动决策.本文在分析应急防护行动决策过程关键要素的基础上,详细总结了影响应急防护行动决策的因素,介绍了应急决策常用的方法,以便在有毒化学品泄漏事故的应急过程中有效决策,最大限度地减少人员伤亡.     

毒气泄漏扩散风险的参数不确定性分析

有毒气体泄漏扩散受很多不确定性因素的影响,为了分析和评估影响毒气泄漏扩散的风速和泄漏速率的变化和不确定性,采用蒙特卡罗模拟和基于Wilks公式容许限的非参数统计法,通过抽样计算得到“95/95准则”下的毒气泄漏扩散地面浓度分布,计算了有毒气体泄漏扩散的不同风险等级的影响范围和风险概率曲线。以氨气泄漏事故为例进行实例分析,结果表明,相对于以确定性参数得出的氨气泄漏扩散浓度分布,引入参数的不确定性评估,更能贴合泄漏现场存在不确定性因素的实际情况,更有利于人员的安全和应急疏散管理。     

Persistent organochlorine contaminants in hair samples of Northern Poland population, 1968-2009

The European regulation on chemicals, REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals), came into force on 1 June 2007. With pre-registration complete in 2008, data for these substances may provide an overview of the expected chemical space and its characteristics. In this paper, using various in silico computation tools, we evaluate 48 782 neutral organic compounds from the list to identify hazardous and safe compounds. Two different classification schemes (modified Verhaar and ECOSAR) identified between 17% and 25% of the compounds as expressing only baseline toxicity (narcosis). A smaller portion could be identified as reactive (19%) or specifically acting (2.7%), while the majority were non-assigned (61%). Overall environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and long-range transport potential were evaluated using structure-activity relationships and a multimedia fugacity-based model. A surprisingly high proportion of compounds (20%), mainly aromatic and halogenated, had a very high estimated persistence (>195 d). The proportion of compounds with a very high estimated bioconcentration or bioaccumulation factor (>5000) was substantially less (6.9%). Finally, a list was compiled of those compounds within the applicability domain of the models used, meeting both persistence and bioaccumulation criteria, and with a long-range transport potential comparable to PCB. This list of 68 potential persistent organic pollutants contained many well-known compounds (all halogenated), but notably also five fluorinated compounds that were not included in the EINECS inventory. This study demonstrates the usability of in silico tools for identification of potentially environmentally hazardous chemicals.     

疏水改性石灰对土壤中高浓度硝基苯的强化固定

石灰是一种常见的应用于污染土壤固化稳定化的水硬性胶结材料,但对于紧急事故情况下释放到土壤中的高浓度毒性有机物的固定能力十分有限.为了增强石灰对于毒性有机物的定向捕获的固定能力,本研究用硬脂酸对石灰进行疏水改性,并通过分散性实验、粒度测试、扫描电镜测试、红外光谱测试和接触角测试对改性前后的石灰进行表征.然后用改性石灰对硝基苯含量为8163 mg·kg~(-1)的污染土壤进行固化稳定化实验,测试在固化稳定化过程中硝基苯的挥发率和浸出率.结果表明,与不添加石灰的空白组和只添加30%未改性石灰的对照组相比,添加20%的改性石灰和10%的未改性石灰,可分别减少94.44%和88.46%的硝基苯挥发量,99.10%和88.11%的酸浸出条件下的硝基苯浸出量,及98.51%和59.74%的水浸出条件下的硝基苯浸出量.经硬脂酸疏水改性后的石灰可作为定向捕获快速固定土壤中高浓度毒性有机物的固化剂.     

Control of accidental releases of hydrogen selenide and hydrogen sulphide in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells: a feasibility study

Industrial and regulatory communities are concerned about the need to control routine and accidental releases of toxic gases. This paper outlines an approach for evaluating control systems for new technologies when there is only limited experience. The approach is illustrated by identifying and evaluating specific options to control releases of hydrogen selenide (H₂Se) and hydrogen sulphide (H cells. Routine emmisions can be controlled with a system composed of a Venturi scrubber, a packed-bed scrubber, and a carbon adsorption bed. Accidental releases can be controlled by the proper design of a ventillation system combined with either a Venturi and packed-bed scrubber and carbon-a or a containment-scrubbing equipment followed by carbon adsorption. The annualized costs of these controls (≈$0.01/Watt-peak (W_p)), are small compared with current (≈$6/W_p) and projected (≈$1/W_p) production costs. Thus, systems which could control accidental releases of highly toxic H₂Se and H₂S in CuInSe₂ photovoltaic cell manufactu These systems can effectively reduce emmisions of toxic gas to levels needed to protect the health of the public.