咪唑类ILs对天然水体中斜生栅藻的毒性效应

以生物监测方法,利用国际标准指示性生物斜生栅藻研究了六种咪唑类离子液体的毒性效应,得出了这几种离子液体对自然水体中斜生栅藻96h的半数影响浓度,并初步讨论了待测物的结构和性质对毒性效应的影响。实验结果表明:当固定一取代基为甲基时,咪唑类离子液体对斜生栅藻的抑制作用随着另一烷基取代链长度的增加而加强;而当固定阳离子不变时,发现阴离子所表现出来的对斜生栅藻的抑制作用并不是很明显。     

Method for rapid on-site identification of VOCs

Rapid on-site identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air is an important first step in remediation efforts. This study describes modification of a commercially available, portable GC/MS system and development of an analysis protocol for rapid (<3 min) sampling and identification of VOCs typically found at contaminated sites at the low ppbv level.     

有毒物质低剂量刺激作用的研究进展

有毒物质低剂量刺激作用(hormesis)是一个有争议的毒理学问题.本文综述了hormesis的研究进展、关键学术问题以及可能的作用机制,并对有关hormesis的机理研究与环境内分泌干扰物研究和风险评价理论及方法之间的关系进行了讨论,提出了其中存在的关键科学问题和可能的研究方向.     

铜、砷单一及复合污染对黑藻的毒性效应

通过室内模拟试验,研究了铜(Cu)、五价砷〔As(Ⅴ)〕单一及复合污染对黑藻〔Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle〕生长、富集Cu和As的能力以及对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.毒性测试结果表明,Cu和As(Ⅴ)对黑藻的4 d-EC₅₀分别为2和12 μmol/L,单一Cu对黑藻的毒性远高于As(Ⅴ). 复合污染试验结果表明,对于5 μmol/L As(Ⅴ)处理组,低浓度Cu〔c(Cu)<2 μmol/L〕的加入,促进了植物生长,降低了植物体内的As总量〔w(As)〕,同时降低了植物体中占主要部分的三价砷的含量(w〔As(Ⅲ)〕). 对于Cu处理组,As(Ⅴ)的加入同样抑制了黑藻对Cu的富集,SOD活性也高于单一Cu处理,可见在低浓度Cu处理下,Cu和As(Ⅴ)之间存在拮抗作用;而高浓度Cu〔c(Cu)≥2 μmol/L〕的加入,虽然植物对Cu和As(Ⅴ)的富集与单一Cu和As(Ⅴ)处理相比均显著降低,但植物生长受到抑制,SOD活性与单一处理相比也显著降低(P<0.05),因此高浓度Cu处理下,二者对黑藻毒性起协同作用. 总之,黑藻具有应用于处理低浓度Cu和As(Ⅴ)单一及复合污染水体的潜力.      

广东鲂幼鱼对铜、镉胁迫的氧化应激响应及其指示意义

广东鲂（Megalobrama terminalis）是具重要经济价值的珠江流域特有鱼类,已列入国家级水产种质资源保护品种。近年来,随着河流固有生境持续破坏,重金属等水体污染问题不断加剧,以广东鲂为代表的当地特有鱼类资源急剧下降。文章以铜、镉暴露对广东鲂幼鱼48 h的半致死浓度值LC50暴露浓度强度为1个毒性单位（TU）为基准,以室内静水实验法研究了铜、镉离子在低效应浓度、中效应浓度、高效应浓度（分别对应于0.01 TU、0.03 TU和0.11 TU）胁迫对广东鲂幼鱼的氧化应激效应,以期找出适宜的生物标记物,完善珠江水域污染评价与预警体系。结果显示,广东鲂幼鱼MDA、GSH、T-AOC、SOD和CAT（以Pr计）随暴露浓度及暴露时间发生变化,其范围分别在1.08~7.34 nmol·mg-1、0.42~22.82 mg·g-1、0.10~1.32 U·mg-1、2.45~13.24 U·mg-1和0.01~0.09 U·mg-1之间。其中,GSH、MDA和T-AOC在铜、镉暴露后第1天迅速响应至高值,相应的各浓度处理组明显高于对照组。曲线回归结果显示,GSH与暴露浓度c（以TU量计）之间呈显著的二次曲线关系,拟合方程为GSH=-2112（c-0.084）2＋18.1,r=0.847,n=10,P=0.012,暴露浓度阈值为0.084 TU。SOD和CAT则在暴露后第4天响应至高值。曲线回归结果显示, SOD 与 c 及 CAT 与 c 之间均呈显著的二次曲线关系,拟合方程分别为SOD=-2073（c-0.059）2＋14.3,r=0.840,n=10,P=0.014;CAT=-21.2（c-0.056）2＋0.102,r=0.877,n=10,P=0.006,相应的暴露浓度阈值分别为0.059 TU和0.056 TU。与暴露浓度呈显著的二次曲线关系的各指标中,GSH响应最为迅速,SOD和CAT的响应最为灵敏,加之SOD与CAT相关性极强,表明GSH、SOD和CAT这3种氧化应激指标可作为珠江流域水体污染的潜在生物标记物。     

6种苯系物对球等鞭金藻和新月菱形藻的生长抑制

海洋环境中苯系物污染主要来源于海洋溢油事故以及沿海石油化工企业的废水排放。为探究苯系物对海洋微藻的毒性作用,选择球等鞭金藻和新月菱形藻作为受试生物,分别考察了苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻-二甲苯、间-二甲苯和对-二甲苯6种苯系物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响。结果表明,在0.25~64.0 mg·L-1暴露浓度下,6种苯系物对2种微藻生长具有显著的抑制作用,随着暴露浓度的升高,抑制作用明显增强。苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻-二甲苯、间-二甲苯、对-二甲苯对球等鞭金藻的24 h的半数效应浓度(24 h-EC50)分别为:17.07、12.88、7.58、0.55、0.36、0.27 mg·L-1;对新月菱形藻的24 h-EC50值分别为:1.03、0.68、0.46、0.40、0.42、0.38 mg·L-1。上述研究结果为确定苯系物海洋环境质量标准、保护海洋生态环境提供了基础数据。     

Essential and toxic elements in meat of wild and bred animals

Essential and toxic elements were determined by Energy Dispersive Polarized X-Rays Fluorescence Spectrometry (EDPXRF) in the meat of 145 wild and bred animals to provide the baseline data regarding meat of wild and bred animals consumed in central Italy. As far as K, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Cu are concerned, no significant differences resulted between young and adults and between males and females for farmed and wild animals. No marked differences were found between hunted and non-hunted animals groups. In all samples analyzed, Mn, Cr, and Mo were below the detection limit. As far as the non-essential or toxic elements are concerned, As, Cd, V, and Hg concentrations in muscle from wild and bred animals were low and always below the detection limits. Among the wild animals killed with lead (Pb) bullets, elevated Pb concentrations in tissues were detected. This finding may result in elevated Pb levels in meat ingested by humans.     

Trichoderma harzianum: a green sorbent for Pb(II) uptake from aqueous solutions

This investigation describes the use of specially cultivated, nonliving biomass of Trichoderma harzianum as a biosorbent for the batch removal of Pb(II) from a stirred system under different experimental conditions. The metal removal depended upon pH, sorbent particle size, initial Pb(II) concentration, shaking speed, and sorption time. The optimal experimental conditions for the removal of Pb(II) by T. harzianum with an initial metal concentration of 100 mg L^?1 were obtained at a particle size of 53 μm, a pH of 4.5, a shaking speed of 200 rpm, and a contact time of 720 min. The results were analyzed in terms of adsorption isotherms and kinetic models. The Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo second-order model fitted well in the data. T. harzianum proved to be a good biomaterial for accumulating Pb(II) from aqueous solutions (q = 460 mg g^?1).     

Problems and prospectus of utilization of sewage and industrial wastewaters in agriculture

The basic objective of this study was to compile the available information on the composition of sewage and industrial wastewaters in India and their effect on soil–plant health upon their use in agricultural fields. The composition of sewage water is quite variable depending upon the contributing source, mode of collection, and treatment provided. The composition of sewage water varied from site to site which was in accordance with the type of industries present in that area. Continuous use of sewage and industrial wastewater irrigation recorded improvement in water retention, hydraulic conductivity, organic C and build-up of available N, P, K, micronutrient status, and soil microbial count. The electrical conductivity although increased due to sewage irrigation, it was within the tolerance limit to cause any soil salinity hazard. The toxic metals like Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni were found to be accumulated in soil and plant due to long-term use of sewage and industrial wastewater irrigation. The concentration of these metals was higher in leafy vegetables than in grain crops. This warrants the potential hazard to soil–plant health suggesting necessity of their safe use after pretreatment as a cheap potential alternative source of plant nutrients in agriculture.     

Isomer‐specific determination and toxic evaluation of potentially hazardous coplanar PCBs,dibenzofurans and dioxins in the tissues of “Yusho” PCB poisoning victim and in the causal oil

In the light of new discoveries on the extremely toxic non‐ortho coplanar 3,3’,4,4'‐tetra‐ (T₄CB), 3,3’,4,4’,5‐penta‐(P₅CB) and 3,3'4,4’,5,5'‐hexachlorobiphenyl (H₆CB) and their mono‐ and di‐ortho analogs, tissue samples of a Yusho poisoning victim and Yusho causal oils were subjected to a thorough congener/isomer‐specific investigation for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs). Among the many PCB congeners detected in Yusho oil, non‐ortho coplanar T₄CB constituted 3.1%, P₅CB‐0.17% and H₆CB‐0.0072% in total PCBs. Their concentrations in liver and adipose tissue were 130–700 (T₄CB), 54–720 (P₅CB) and 50–380 (H₆CB) pg/g on wet weight basis. The observed concentrations in adipose tissue were two to four fold higher than that detected in unexposed individuals. Among the PCDFs identified, toxic 2,3,7,8‐substituted isomers including 2,3,4,7,8‐P₅CDF were the dominant ones. Tetra‐ through hepta‐CDDs were detected in the oil, whereas octa‐CDD was the dominant isomer in the patient. A comparison with KC‐400 revealed enrichment of coplanar PCBs in Yusho oil along with toxic PCDFs. Enrichment was highest for 3,3'4,4'5,5'‐H₆CB followed by 3,3’,4,4'5‐P₅CB. A comparative toxic evaluation of these chemical groups in Yusho patient's adipose tissue based on “2,3,7,8‐T₄CDD Toxic Equivalent Analysis” revealed accountable toxic contribution from coplanar PCBs. This analysis also confirmed that 2,3,4,7,8‐P₅CDF was the principal causative agent in Yusho poisoning.