云南地区中国种子植物特有属的研究

物种特有现象的研究具有重要的区系地理学和保护生物学意义。利用大尺度的植物物种分布信息,探讨了云南地区中国种子植物特有属的科、属组成,区系性质及其地理分布格局。结果表明,云南地区拥有中国种子植物特有属125属,分属于59科,共含种子植物246种,是中国种子植物特有属的重要分布地区之一。含特有属较多的科主要为菊科Compositae、苦苣苔科Gesnefiaceae、伞形科Umbelliferae、禾本科Gramineae和唇形科Labiatae。从各属所包含的物种数来看,单型属占主体地位。根据科的分布区类型构成,云南地区中国种子植物特有属主要起源于热带地区。从属的生活型构成来看,主要以草本植物属为主,而木本植物属所占比重相对较小,暗示着研究区域内特有属的区系兼有年轻成分和古老成分,但以年轻成分为主。从空间分布格局来看,特有属主要分布在“田中线”以东地区。与过去的研究结果不同,我们发现云南地区拥有3个重要的特有属分布中心和3个次级分布中心。     

贵阳市污染源PM2.5中铂族元素的分布特征

为掌握贵阳市污染源PM2.5中铂族元素(PGE)的分布特征,采集7类主要污染源42个PM2.5样品,采用同位素稀释/电感耦合等离子体质谱法定量测定PGE中铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)、铑(Rh)的含量.结果表明:(1)金属冶炼尘PM2.5中Pt、Pd、Rh平均值分别为2186.136、1239.827、346.172 ng/...     

Use of trace element analysis of feathers as a tool to track fine-scale dispersal in birds

Tracking dispersal and migratory movements of animals over small and large spatial scales is a challenge. In birds, a promising yet underutilized tool is the trace elemental composition of feathers. The elemental profile of a feather may reveal information about the geographic origin of a bird provided that molting occurs on the breeding grounds and that elemental differences exist between breeding areas. Here, we explore the use of trace elemental composition in body feathers of the Puget Sound white-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis as a tool (1) to discriminate among birds collected in four different song dialect populations along a 400-km stretch of the Pacific Northwest coast and (2) to assign males singing nonlocal dialects in one population to potential natal populations. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detected 34 trace elements in sampled feathers and in a discriminant function analysis seven of these elements differed among the four source populations. Half of the six nonlocal dialect singers, who were likely to have immigrated into the focal population, were assigned to a population that matched their song dialect. Our study suggests that feather microchemistry is a promising tool for identifying geographic origins of dispersing birds over small geographic scales and in combination with other markers, such as song, may give insight into ecological and evolutionary processes.     

Geochemistry of trace elements in paddy (rice) soils of Sri Lanka – implications for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD)

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are a common health problem prevalent in the wet zone of Sri Lanka with a prevalence of >25 of the population. In comparison, in the dry zone of Sri Lanka IDD occurs in <10 of the population. Seventy soil samples from 14 villages selected on the basis of the incidence of goitre, were collected and analysed for 13 trace elements using ICP-MS. In order to identify any prevailing differences in antecedent chemical environments, soil samples from each pre-selected village were classified into three groups in terms of their geographical location. Among the elements investigated, the total soil concentrations of Rb, Sr, Ba, Mn and Co are lower in the wet zone of Kalutara. In contrast, total soil Rb, Sr, Ba and Mn contents are higher in the dry zone of Anuradhapura. Further soil total Mo and Nb levels are relatively similar in all pre-selected study locations. The high endemic goitre regions (IDD >25 of the population) show low levels of Rb, Sr, Ba, and Mn and higher levels of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb as compared with moderate and non-goitre areas. Factor analysis was used to exploit the correlation structure present in data and yielded three groups in all cases. This indicated that most transition group elements and iodine are associated with the Mn phase in the low IDD areas whereas iodine shows a high affinity for the organic phase in high IDD regions. The variable distribution of trace elements, therefore, must be due to differences in mobility and capacity for incorporation into the structure of secondary minerals or organic phases.     

Farmers' involvement in landscape activities: an analysis of the relationship between farm location, farm characteristics and landscape changes in two study areas in Jutland, Denmark

Farmers are important agents in rural landscape management as they modify landscape elements to suit their needs. The purpose of this study is to investigate if patterns of landscape activities undertaken by farmers are related to certain farm characteristics and if landscape activities vary from one location to another. With this purpose, we investigated the differences between the level of farmers' involvement in landscape activities in two study areas in central Jutland, Denmark. Particular attention was given to the analysis of the type and extent of landscape activities and their relationship with farm characteristics. In both study areas, landscape activities leading to a more extensive type of land use predominate. However, a multivariate analysis implemented on the set of landscape activity data reveals significant differences between the two study areas. Hedgerow planting and removal is more common in S?nder Omme, while pond digging and cultivation of permanent grass lands are characteristic activities in Gadbjerg-Givskud. Moreover, the proportion of farmers involved and the area affected by different landscape activities is larger in S?nder Omme than in Gadbjerg-Givskud. The farms of the two areas are different in terms of production type, size and socio-economic characteristics. These characteristics represent significant relationships with landscape activities. However, they are not sufficient to explain the differences between landscape activities undertaken in the two areas. The differences are caused by unique cultural and biophysical environment, which influence and modify the relationship between farm characteristics and landscape activities in a distinct manner for each study area.     

基于标准化管理的企业知识产权风险控制管理模式研究

为了规避知识产权受到侵害或侵犯他人知识产权等运营风险,实施有效的知识产权管理已成为企业主要的应对策略。借鉴OHSAS18000,ISO9001管理标准的风险控制与过程管理等方法,针对知识产权在企业经营不同阶段的体现,从内部管理活动与经营业务活动两方面设计16个控制要素;设置固化的管理流程;构建企业知识产权管理标准的系统框架;由规划,资源管理,活动管理,检查、分析和改进,管理评审5个方面组成的PDCA的管理模式,以实现知识产权风险管理与企业经营管理活动的有机结合。     

冻土区固体废弃物处理研究现状与思考

冻土区固体废弃物的处理对未来的寒区经济发展、保护冻土及寒区生态环境意义重大。笔者总结近年来我国冻土区所进行的一系列工程和资源开采活动,表明冻土区固体废弃物处理的研究是必要而迫切的。通过介绍国内外近几十年来对冻土区固体废弃物处理的研究方法、思路和技术,并分析其成果与不足;使人们更好地了解和利用冻土区寒冷的气候条件、冻土的冻融循环、回冻等特性及永久冻土层的隔绝作用来处理冻土区的废弃物;同时给出了冻土区废弃物处理的研究成果及对策,还对未来研发的前景展望。     

淮南矿区不同塌陷年龄积水区环境效应分析

采煤塌陷水域是淮南矿区一种特殊的地表水体。文章选择矿区不同塌陷年龄的塌陷水域,监测分析其水质理化指标和重金属元素。结果表明:塌陷水域环境状况因塌陷年龄和周边环境差异而不同,具有季节性变化。水域受到了不同程度的污染,部分理化指标随时间增长有累计效应。与国家地表水质量标准比较,水域重金属元素除了Hg严重超标外,其它As、Se、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等均不超标,未对塌陷水域构成重金属污染。通过对不同塌陷水域环境效应进行分析与评价,可为其综合利用提供一定的理论依据。     

西安大气环境要素变化特征分析

利用1951年至2007年西安气象观测资料及2002年至2007年环境监测资料,对西安市大气环境要素进行分析。结果表明,（1）随着西安城市化进程的加快,和NOx年平均浓度变化具有明显增加的趋势。（2）从1951到2007,西安市气温增长了约2℃,仅21世纪以来,就增长了近1℃。热夜天数自上世纪90年代中期以来明显上升。2008年7月上旬西安市区与周边郊区地表温度温差约为8—10℃。（3）年平均风速,极大风速明显减小。分析认为,随着西安城市规模的扩大、人口的增加,高楼林立,城市下垫面发生巨大变化,使城市热容量增加,耗能增大,有效蒸发减少,增温明显,从而导致城市风速减小、大气污染物浓度增加、温度升高、热岛效应越来越显著。提出建立人工环境与自然环境协调一致的城市规划环境气候图,有效缓解因城市化进程引起的城市大气环境问题。     

Releases of phosphate fertilizer industry in the surrounding environment: Investigation on heavy metals and polomum-210 in soil

Distribution of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni,Mn concentrations and the activity of polonium-210 in the surrounding area of a phosphate fertilizer industry located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea has been determined.Nineteen sampling sites were distributed around the industrial zone on a surface area of about 100,000 m2.Atomic absorption spectroscopy and Alpha spectroscopy were used to quantify the heavy elements and polonium-210,respectively.Investigation on a particle scale was conducted by TEM and SEM coupled to EDX and X-ray cartography to determine the nature of heavy elements carders and their distribution.Heavy elements were mainly concentrated inside the particle size fraction ＜ 50μm.Their levels decreased with distance increasing from the industry.According to the reference soil,enrichment factors were about 10,15,32 and 100 times for Zn,Pb,Cu,and Cr,respectively inside the particle size fraction ＜ 50 μm on the closest sites to the industry.The main contaminant sources were transport and storage of row materials and the free release of phosphogypsum waste.Heavy elements were entrapped inside agglomerates of sulfates,phosphates and iron oxihydroxides in a diffused shape.Polonium-210 with an enrichment factor of about 56,showed the same behavior of the spatial distribution of the trace elements.