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11.
Both phytophagous and parasitic insects deposit oviposition-marking pheromones (OMPs) following oviposition that function
to inform conspecifics of a previously utilized host of reduced suitability. The blueberry maggot fly, Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), deposits eggs individually into blueberries and then marks the fruit surface with an OMP which
reduces acceptance of fruit for oviposition by conspecifics. Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a parasitic wasp attacking larval R. mendax which also deposits an OMP, signaling conspecifics of a wasp-occupied host. Behavioral studies were conducted testing the
hypothesis that the OMP of the parasitic wasp modifies the oviposition behavior of its host fly. In this study, we show that
the OMP of D. alloeum is recognized by R. mendax, and female flies will reject wasp-marked fruit for oviposition. Thus, we present a rare demonstration of pheromonal recognition
between animals occupying different taxonomic orders and trophic levels. This chemical eavesdropping may enhance the ability
of the fly to avoid fruit unsuitable for larval development. 相似文献
12.
Peter J. Silk Krista Ryall D. Barry Lyons Jon Sweeney Junping Wu 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(5):601-608
Analyses of the elytral hydrocarbons from male and female emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, that were freshly emerged vs. sexually mature (>10 days old) revealed a female-specific compound, 9-methyl-pentacosane
(9-Me-C25), only present in sexually mature females. This material was synthesized by the Wittig reaction of 2-decanone with (n-hexadecyl)-triphenylphosphonium bromide followed by catalytic reduction to yield racemic 9-Me C25, which matched the natural compound by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (retention time and EI mass spectrum). In field
bioassays with freeze-killed sexually mature A. planipennis females, feral males spent significantly more time in contact and attempting copulation with unwashed females than with females
that had been washed in n-hexane to remove the cuticular lipids. Hexane-washed females to which 9-Me-C25 had been reapplied elicited similar contact time and percentage of time attempting copulation as unwashed females, indicating
that 9-methyl-pentacosane is a contact sex pheromone component of A. planipennis. This is the first contact sex pheromone identified in the Buprestidae. 相似文献
13.
Pharmacophagous acquisition of clerodendrins by the turnip sawfly (Athalia rosae ruficornis) and their role in the mating behavior 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary. Adults of the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae ruficornis (Tenthredinidae: Hymenoptera), frequently visit a plant, Clerodendron trichotomum (Verbenaceae), and feed pharmacophagously on the glandular trichomes on the leaf surface. A series of neo-clerodane diterpenoids (e.g. clerodendrins B and D) contained in glandular organs on the leaf surface stimulate feeding of the sawflies (both males and
females). The adults fed selectively on the trichomes were found to sequester a series of the bitter-tasting diterpenes (clerodendrin
D, ajugachin A, athaliadiol) in the body tissues, which suggested their primary role as defense substances against predators.
Females fed on Clerodendron leaves or on clerodendrin B or D were more successful in mating than unfed females. Thus, females seem to obtain an advantage
in mating success through the acquisition of the defensive principles from the Clerodendron plant.
Received 20 April 1999; accepted 29 June 1999 相似文献
14.
The display of female traits by males is widespread in the animal kingdom. In several species, this phenomenon has been shown to function adaptively as a male mating strategy to deceive sexual rivals (female mimicry). Freshly emerged males of the parasitic wasp Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are perceived by other males as if they were females because of a very similar composition of cuticular hydrocarbons which function as a sex pheromone in this species inducing courtship behaviour in males. Within 32 h, however, males deactivate the pheromone and are no longer courted by other males. In this paper, behavioural experiments were performed to test hypotheses on potential costs and benefits associated with the female odour in young males. We did not find any benefits, but demonstrated that young males were significantly more often outrivaled in male-male contests when competing with two older males for a female. Also, young males were significantly more often mounted in homosexual courtship events during these contests. Thus, display of female traits by males is not necessarily beneficial, and in fact, can be disadvantageous. We suggest that these costs have favoured the evolution of the pheromone deactivation mechanism in L. distinguendus males. The function of cuticular hydrocarbons as a female courtship pheromone in L. distinguendus might have evolved secondarily from a primary function relevant for both genders, and the deactivation of the signal in males might have caused a shift of specificity of the chemical signal from the species level to the sex level. 相似文献
15.
Hannak JS Kompatscher S Stachowitsch M Herler J 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(10):2723-2733
Shallow reefs (reef flats <1.5 m) in the northern Red Sea are impacted by growing tourism that includes swimmers, snorkellers and reef walkers but have largely been neglected in past studies. We selected a fringing reef along the lagoon of Dahab (Sinai, Egypt) as a model for a management strategy. Point-intercept line transects were used to determine substrate composition, coral community and condition, and the coral damage index (CDI) was applied. Approximately 84% of the coral colonies showed signs of damage such as breakage, partial mortality or algal overgrowth, especially affecting the most frequent coral genus Acropora. Questionnaires were used to determine the visitors' socio-economic background and personal attitudes regarding snorkelling, SCUBA-diving and interest in visiting a prospective snorkelling trail. Experiencing nature (97%) was by far the strongest motivation, and interest in further education about reef ecology and skill training was high. Less experienced snorkellers and divers--the target group for further education and skill training--were those most prepared to financially support such a trail. We therefore recommend a guided underwater snorkelling trail and restricting recreational use to a less sensitive 'ecotourism zone' while protecting the shallow reef flat. Artificial structures can complete the trail and offer the opportunity to snorkel over deeper areas at unfavourable tide or wind conditions. This approach provides a strategy for the management and conservation of shallow-water reefs, which are facing increasing human impact here and elsewhere. 相似文献
16.
Hierarchical perception of fertility signals and nestmate recognition cues in two dolichoderine ants
Laurent Cournault Jean-Christophe de Biseau 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(11):1635-1641
In social insects, queens are likely to “honestly” inform their nestmates of their presence and fertility status through pheromonal
communication. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have been reported to be effective nestmate discriminators and strongly suspected
to act as fertility signals, at least in some species. The use of the same chemical bouquet (i.e., the CHC profile) to convey
two fundamentally different information seems puzzling. However, a recent threshold model proposes a hierarchy in the discriminating
processes, i.e., fertility signals can only be perceived if nestmate recognition has been reached (Le Conte and Hefetz, Annu
Rev Entomol 53:523–542, 2008). Here, we developed a simple behavioral bioassay based on chemical recruitment toward a queen placed outside the nest in
two dolichoderine ants (Linepithema humile and Tapinoma erraticum), which allowed us to investigate the interplay between fertility signaling and colonial recognition. Using queen corpses
of various origins (nestmates or aliens) and physiological states (fertile or infertile; mated or unmated), we demonstrated
that nestmate recognition cues clearly override fertility signals under our experimental conditions. Indeed, while nestmate
infertile queens were largely ignored by the workers, nestmate fertile queens (mated or not) induced worker recruitment, whereas
alien fertile queens did not and were aggressed by the workers. 相似文献
17.
The chemical composition of the defensive secretions of 52 species from 15 genera of the tenebrionid subtribe Stizopina was
analyzed. The secretions of all species contained 1,4-benzoquinones, 1-alkenes, and monoterpene hydrocarbons, only one species
was lacking the latter. Methyl- and ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone were ubiquitous, mostly accompanied by smaller amounts of 1,4-benzoquinone
as well as isopropyl- and propyl-1,4-benzoquinone. 1-Alkenes were dominated by 1-undecene with varying admixtures of other
1-alkenes. The monoterpene hydrocarbons always consisted of a mixture of α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene and limonene, but also
p-cymene, α-terpinene or α-phellandrene were found in some species. Furthermore, some species synthesized additional compounds
such as phenols, ketones, 2,5-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone and naphthoquinones. Bioassays showed
that the defensive secretion co-functioned as an aggregation pheromone in the subtribe Stizopina. All nine tested species
from six genera were attracted to defensive secretion of Stizopina species, but they did not distinguish between defensive
secretions of different Stizopina species. This lack of discrimination might be the initial step for the formation of interspecific
aggregations and the evolution of cleptoparasitism within the Stizopina. 相似文献
18.
Till Tolasch 《Chemoecology》2008,18(3):177-180
Summary.
Ectinus aterrimus (L.) is a fairly common European click beetle species which develops mainly in forests. In pheromone gland extracts of female
E. aterrimus, examined using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS), one single compound was present. This was identified as 7-methyloctyl
9-methyldecanoate by comparison with a synthetic sample. Field trapping trials revealed a highly significant attraction of
male E. aterrimus towards this ester. The structure of the compound differs remarkably from the pheromones of the closely related Agriotes spp., which exclusively use terpene esters. 相似文献
19.
20.
Summary The present study aimed to test the possible function of the aphid alarm pheromone (E)--farnesene (EBF) as a host finding kairomone for aphid primary parasitoids. Extracts of volatile emissions of undisturbed aphids and of aphids under parasitoid attack were obtained by air entrainment. Extracts of cornicle secretions were gained by disturbing aphids and taking their secretions into solution. Extracts were compared by gas chromatography. Only air entrainments of aphids under attack and solvent extracts of cornicle secretions contained the alarm pheromone. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, femaleA. uzbekistanicus were attracted to aphid groups under attack of parasitoids, presumably by released EBF. High concentrations of synthetic EBF (1.4 µg to 5.7 µg) also attractedA. uzbekistanicus females. Females with oviposition experience reacted more readily to lower concentrations of EBF than females without experience. In experiments designed as Petri-dish bioassays, the test animals could contact filter paper discs that were treated with solutions containing EBF. Behavioural effects like antennation or stinging attack were not observed. With computer video analysis of parasitoid movements, some effects onA. uzbekistanicus behaviour were detected, again indicating attraction to EBF.As the volatile aphid alarm pheromone attractedA. uzbekistanicus females, it can be concluded that this chemical stimulus acts as a host finding kairomone for this parasitoid species. However, its effect over long distances seems to be limited due to the relatively high concentrations required for reactions. Of two other parasitoid species examined (P. volucre andL. testaceipes) onlyP. volucre was also significantly attracted to the volatile EBF in the Y-tube olfactometer. 相似文献