Speaking without words: A meta-analysis of over 70 years of research on the power of nonverbal cues in job interviews

What candidates say in an interview is important—but so is how they say it. We draw on dual-process theory to explain why interviewers rely on individuals' dynamic and static nonverbal cues to evaluate performance with quick, implicit inferences (System 1 processing). Yet, it remains unclear which cues most influence interviewers' judgments and whether moderators affecting interviewers' reliance on System 1 thinking (e.g., interview structure, modality, duration, and interviewee gender) impact the relationship between nonverbal cues and interview ratings. We performed the first meta-analysis to address these questions, integrating findings across 63 studies (N = 4868). The nonverbal cues demonstrating the strongest association with interview performance were professional appearance (ρ = .62), eye contact (ρ = .45), and head movement (ρ = .43). Moderator analyses highlight the persistent power of nonverbal cues, as the results were largely unaffected by interview structure, modality, or duration. Experimental design did play a role, as did interviewees' gender, with stronger effects for certain nonverbal cues (e.g., facial expressions and professional appearance) for women than men, conveying interviewers' reliance on gender-based stereotypes when judging their performance. Overall, these results suggest nonverbal cues and characteristics are an important influence on job applicants' success in employment interviews.     

私家车驾驶员驾驶行为与人格特质的关系研究

为研究私家车驾驶员不安全驾驶行为与人格特质的关系,选用大五人格理论作为人格特质理论,将不安全驾驶行为划分为3类(违规行为、疏忽失误、认知错误),并以此构架私家车驾驶员不安全驾驶行为与人格特质的关系模型,通过调查问卷收集数据,应用结构方程模型(SEM)验证所建模型。研究得出:外倾性对违规行为有正向影响(路径系数0.180);宜人性和尽责性对违规行为有负向影响(路径系数-0.962和-0.544);神经质对疏忽失误和认知错误均有正向影响(路径系数0.417和0.409);开放性对违规行为无显著影响。     

Effects of uncertainty and variability on population declines and IUCN Red List classifications

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria is a quantitative framework for classifying species according to extinction risk. Population models may be used to estimate extinction risk or population declines. Uncertainty and variability arise in threat classifications through measurement and process error in empirical data and uncertainty in the models used to estimate extinction risk and population declines. Furthermore, species traits are known to affect extinction risk. We investigated the effects of measurement and process error, model type, population growth rate, and age at first reproduction on the reliability of risk classifications based on projected population declines on IUCN Red List classifications. We used an age‐structured population model to simulate true population trajectories with different growth rates, reproductive ages and levels of variation, and subjected them to measurement error. We evaluated the ability of scalar and matrix models parameterized with these simulated time series to accurately capture the IUCN Red List classification generated with true population declines. Under all levels of measurement error tested and low process error, classifications were reasonably accurate; scalar and matrix models yielded roughly the same rate of misclassifications, but the distribution of errors differed; matrix models led to greater overestimation of extinction risk than underestimations; process error tended to contribute to misclassifications to a greater extent than measurement error; and more misclassifications occurred for fast, rather than slow, life histories. These results indicate that classifications of highly threatened taxa (i.e., taxa with low growth rates) under criterion A are more likely to be reliable than for less threatened taxa when assessed with population models. Greater scrutiny needs to be placed on data used to parameterize population models for species with high growth rates, particularly when available evidence indicates a potential transition to higher risk categories.     

Adaptation of plant functional group composition to management changes in calcareous grassland

It is the aim of plant functional research to generate general rules of species assembly and species reactions based on plant functional traits. Here we determined plant functional groups that are important with regard to land use types (grazing, mowing, mulching, burning, abandonment) and looked for mechanisms leading to changes in species composition after management changes in calcareous grasslands.To filter out the set of traits which best described the variation in plant composition along the studied land use gradient and to identify functional groups we chose an iterative three-table ordination method. We included traits related to persistence as well as traits describing the germination niche of a plant. To gain insight into underlying mechanisms which led to differing importance of these plant functional groups at different management regimes we investigated shifts in dominance of the identified functional groups at eight management regimes using long-term vegetation data of a site which was grazed before the onset of different management regimes in 1974. Ongoing unidirectional changes in cover of the four determined functional groups at most of the treatments indicated that even after almost 30 years new equilibria of functional group composition were still not reached.The study showed that other management treatments but grazing and mowing led to changes in functional group composition, which were mainly driven by increasing dominance of a highly competitive species group.     

驾驶行为特性与人格特征关系研究

为了开展驾驶行为特性与人格特征关系的研究,选用26名被试人员,运用自主研发的驾驶员综合能力测试系统,利用数理统计规律,研究被试者复杂反应、速度估计与人格特征之间的关系。结果表明:在相同的试验环境下,所有被试者在伴有蜂鸣声时复杂反应错误次数明显多于无蜂鸣声时;男女驾驶员在复杂反应时间方面表现出显著性差异, 而在复杂反应错误次数方面未表现出明显差异;男女驾驶员在速度估计方面未表现出显著性差异,但部分驾驶员表现出过高或过低估计速度的倾向;复杂反应指数和速度估计指数与驾驶员的攻击性、独立性和敢为性之间存在着较强的正相关性,与社会向性、稳定性之间存在着较强的负相关性;男性驾驶员表现出较强的攻击性、敢为性和独立性,而女性驾驶员表现出较强的稳定性和社会向性。自主研发的系统能有效地分析了驾驶行为特性与人格特征之间的内在关系,可以检测出潜在的事故倾向性大的驾驶员,有利于减少交通事故的发生。     

两种生物炭对烤烟生长、根际土壤性质和微生物群落结构的影响

为探明生物炭对烤烟生长影响的作用机理,选取小麦秸秆炭(WB)和烟杆炭(TB)为试验材料,以不添加生物炭处理CK为对照,采用盆栽试验,研究两种生物炭对团颗期烟草的农艺性状和根际土壤理化性质及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明:与CK处理相比,WB和TB处理烟草的地上部干重分别增加4.4和4.7倍,土壤硝态氮含量分别降低64.7%和47.6%,脱氢酶活性降低56.4%和48.7%.WB和TB两处理土壤细菌和真菌的Shannon和Simpson多样性指数及Chao1丰富度指数均显著降低,细菌的OTUs数分别显著减小20.6%和18.0%,真菌的OTUs数分别显著减小53.8%和77.4%.细菌优势菌种中,WB处理放线菌门相对丰度提高69.5%,TB处理Saccharibacteria的丰度提高129.7%,WB和TB处理疣微菌门丰度分别降低37.6%和40.9%.真菌优势菌种中,TB处理子囊菌门丰度提高133.8%,WB和TB处理接合菌门的丰度分别降低87.5%和92.9%.通过β多样性分析可知,烟杆炭对烤烟根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响大于小麦秸秆炭.     

Neighbourhood satisfaction,self-rated health,and psychological attributes: A multilevel analysis in Japan

Although earlier studies have demonstrated an association between neighbourhood perceptions and self-rated health, further study is needed regarding how this association is related to an individual's psychological attributes. Hence, we examined how self-rated health is associated with neighbourhood satisfaction after controlling for personality traits as well as other individual- and area-level covariates. We employed multilevel analysis using microdata collected from a nationwide Internet survey in Japan in 2011 (N = 8139). When controlling for personality traits, we observed that the odds for reporting poor health in response to neighbourhood dissatisfaction declined but remained highly significant. We obtained similar results when additionally controlling for sense of coherence (SOC) or replacing personality traits with it. We also found virtually no significant effect of personality traits or SOC on the sensitivity of self-rated health with neighbourhood dissatisfaction. Overall, this study indicated that the observed association between neighbourhood satisfaction and self-rated health tends to be overestimated, but cannot be fully explained by personality traits or SOC.     

再生资源开发利用产业化中回收体系特征的初步分析

再生资源开发利用的产业化是发展循环经济的主要内容,其中回收阶段是整个产业发展的关键以北京市海淀区的社区回收体系为例,通过问卷、访谈等实地调查分析,结果表明:目前再生资源开发利用产业正处于原产业化阶段;该产业回收体系的市场化是政府控制的有限竞争;该回收体系是未来农村劳动力转移的重要领域,对工业化和城镇化进程有积极的作用.