国际河流管理合作模式的分类及演进规律探讨

论文对国际河流管理合作模式的概念、分类及演进规律进行了探讨。在从合作主体、目标、途径、制度等方面对合作模式进行单维度分类的基础上,借鉴霍尔三维结构图系统分析方法,构建了合作模式三维度分类模型,较全面、准确地概括了当前国际河流管理合作实践的模式类型。最后,综合世界各种典型国际河流管理合作模式的形成和发展过程,从模式要素的发展演变及模式演进的动力机制两个方面入手,详细阐述了国际河流管理合作模式的演进规律。     

ISO22320：2011《公共安全-应急管理-事故响应要求》国际标准解读

本文主要介绍了ISO22320：2011国际标准的作用、使用范围和内容,重点强调了指挥和控制的要求、操作信息的需求、合作与协调的要求等,以为我国应急管理及其相关组织实施该国际标准提供帮助。     

Landscape network congruency at the ecoregion scale: can we expect corridor ‘umbrellas’?

Conservation planners are faced with numerous choices regarding ‘what to connect’ when modeling landscape networks on an ecoregion scale. A simplifying assumption is often that coarse-scale corridors may provide overlapping or ‘umbrella’ effects for multiple conservation scenarios. To examine this, we assessed differences in connectivity models arising from four different conservation scenarios for the transboundary Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion (330,000 km²). Models resulted in networks comprised of varying levels of connectedness, suggesting the presence of local connectivity at several sub-ecoregion scales, but diminished ecoregion-scale connectivity. Our results also indicate that selecting ‘what to connect’ at the ecoregion scale strongly influences the location and extent of modeled corridors. Further, our evidence suggests that landscape networks derived for one scenario are not likely to produce far-reaching corridor umbrellas or highly coincident landscape networks for alternative conservation scenarios with varying goals. As a result, alternative landscape networks should not be considered functionally equivalent.     

生态合作的概念、内涵和合作机制框架构建

不合理的经济发展方式使生态环境问题由个别地区小范围问题已发展成为普遍的跨行政区域问题,迫使各级政府部门必须联合行动应对,生态合作必将走向普遍化和常态化。目前,关于生态合作的概念和内涵既无相关研究给出明确界定,也无系统的生态合作研究框架可供参考,使区域生态合作面临重重困难,为此论文综述国内外生态合作的相关研究,梳理生态合作起源和发展演化历程,提出并阐释了生态合作的概念和内涵。以此概念为基础,构建出了包括生态合作组成、生态合作研究步骤、生态合作方式和生态合作监管与评价四部分的生态合作研究基本框架。其中,生态合作组成包含生态合作基础和目的、生态合作主体、生态合作方式和生态合作监管与评价体系;生态合作机制的构建包含10 个步骤,分别为诊断区域生态问题,确定生态合作的主体,确定生态合作对象,梳理合作主体间关系,拟定合作方案,意见征询,方案实施,实施监督,评价,对生态合作协议、实施方案和监督方案的改进;生态合作方式包括劳务合作、工程技术合作、产业发展合作、经济补偿合作、区域生态环境管理合作和教育人才合作等六大类;生态合作的监管与评价包括方案实施的监督与评价、合作方案的合理性评价、协调和监管能力评价、实施后的生态环境质量阶段性评价和终期评价。     

Conservation planning on China's borders with Myanmar,Laos, and Vietnam

Transboundary conservation is playing an increasingly important role in maintaining ecosystem integrity and halting biodiversity loss caused by anthropogenic activities. However, lack of information on species distributions in transboundary regions and understanding of the threats in these areas impairs conservation. We developed a spatial conservation plan for the transboundary areas between Yunnan province, southwestern China, and neighboring Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. To identify priority areas for conservation and restoration, we determined species distribution patterns and recent land-use changes and examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of the connected natural forest, which supports most species. We assessed connectivity with equivalent connected area (ECA), which is the amount of reachable habitat for a species. An ECA incorporates the presence of habitat in a patch and the amount of habitat in other patches within dispersal distance. We analyzed 197,845 locality records from specimen collections and monographs for 21,004 plant and vertebrate species. The region of Yunnan immediately adjacent to the international borders had the highest species richness, with 61% of recorded species and 56% of threatened vertebrates, which suggests high conservation value. Satellite imagery showed the area of natural forest in the border zone declined by 5.2% (13,255 km²) from 1995 to 2018 and monoculture plantations increased 92.4%, shrubland 10.1%, and other cropland 6.2%. The resulting decline in connected natural forest reduced the amount of habitat, especially for forest specialists with limited dispersal abilities. The most severe decline in connectivity was along the Sino-Vietnamese border. Many priority areas straddle international boundaries, indicating demand and potential for establishing transboundary protected areas. Our results illustrate the importance of bi- and multilateral cooperation to protect biodiversity in this region and provide guidance for future conservation planning and practice.     

Environmental risk: Management strategies in the developing world

This paper describes a heuristic model which helps to relate a developing nation's environmental risk to the level of sophistication appropriate in adjusting management strategy to dealing with environmental hazards. The model takes into account three factors: the degree of risk, the stage of economic growth, and the sophistication of adjustment. The interrelationship of these factors is examined, and the role of international cooperation in establishing strategies is outlined.     

NORTH AMERICAN INTERSTATE WEATHER MODIFICATION COUNCIL: NEED,GOALS, PURPOSE,AND ACTIVITIES1

ABSTRACT: A need for the prudent design and critical analysis of all weather modification efforts was expressed by the attendees of the June 1974 Governors' Weather Modification Conference in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The attendees also expressed a need for an organization to coordinate and cooperate in intrastate, interstate and possible international weather modification activities, particularly in view of the growing importance of agricultural production, energy demand and domestic water supply. The North American Interstate Weather Modification Council (NAIWMC) was ratified on January 17, 1975, in Denver, Colorado, with its main purpose to achieve and maintain state and local control of such activities while endeavoring to attain a high degree of legislative uniformity and an effective information exchange mechanism. The need, goals, and objectives of the newly-created Council are summarized herein. The by-laws of the Council are presented according to the articles adopted at the organizational meeting. Membership in the Council is available to all states of the United States of America, Mexico, and all provinces of Canada. The officers of the Council are elected from its membership according to the regions of weather modification activities. A summary of the Council's progress at performing the purposes is presented in this paper. Definition of the users involved in the North American Interstate Weather Modification Council has been achieved during the early activities of the Council. The Council's views on federal and state weater modification legislation are presented according to position statements that have been adopted by the member states and provinces.     

Structuring cooperative behavior under the National Environmental Policy Act of the United States

A trend is presently under way to streamline the compliance requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of the United States through cooperative assessment procedures. Since the law was enacted in 1970, however, participants in the assessment process have tended to settle disagreements by adversarial rather than cooperative means. This study focuses on a highly acclaimed environmental assessment procedure undertaken by the U.S. Steel Corporation for its proposed $4.0 billion Lakefront Steel Plant. Survey research data were gathered to measure the underlying management philosophy perceived by interorganizational representatives, who attended a series of Technical Team meetings designed to coordinate the assessment effort and to open communication channels. A social psychological scale of behavioral dimensions was adapted from Likert to define the composition and the extent of cooperation at these meetings. A newly constructed scale was used to measure the quantity and quality of representation by each of the major organizations involved. Informal interviews were conducted with project participants to obtain further insight into member interaction. Results indicate that democratic problem solving was in evidence but also suggest a preference by respondents for improved procedures. The paper outlines areas of concern voiced by respondents and offers the means for improving the operating procedures of similar interorganizational environmental assessments.     

Political Economy of Transnational Water Pollution: What Do the LMB Data (1985–2000) Say?

On the basis of the cross-section and time-series data of the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB)—including large sections of Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Cambodia, we find little evidence in support of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Instead, our regressions support the general views that water pollution had been positively related to income level and that, as a result of the end of the Cold War era, it had been significantly reduced in the 1990s vis-à-vis the 1980s. In most circumstances, water resources were more seriously polluted in the transnational border areas than in the other areas. Specifically, the estimated coefficients on the political boundary dummies show that political influence on transnational water pollution was more significant in areas near the international border along which the river runs (denoted by BORDER2) than in places near the international border across which the river runs (denoted by BORDER1). The estimated coefficients on the ASEAN dummy present some information about the positive role of the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) membership in the reduction of transnational water pollution. Finally, the country-specific dummies are found to present conflicting information about the transnational differences of water pollution, although Thailand is found to have the least water pollution in the LMB.     

APPLICATION OF MODERN ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS TO A LARGE WATER RESOURCE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Modem management concepts were used to increase the efficiency and productivity of a large and complex water resource study conducted on two Delaware River components of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The study analyzed the hydraulics of a 120 mile reach of the river using Rhodamine WT dye injected under medium-flow, low-flow steady-state, and low-flow-surge wave flow conditions. The study benefited from a decentralized management structure that used informal teams to attain quality control objectives, to overcome study difficulties, to secure substantial interagency cooperation, and to maximize limited financial and staffing resources.