有毒物质毒性效应数据库在化学灾害性事故中的作用

介绍了国内外主要的有毒物质毒性效应数据库,其中包括英国DESCNET系统,美国化学信息网(CSIN)和化学物质毒性效应登记(RTECS),联合国环境规划署的潜在有毒化学品国际登记中心(IRPTC),匈牙利生物活性天然产物数据库(BNPD),中国国家有毒化学品基础数据库(NRPTC),中国防化研究院的化学毒物数据库(CTDB),化工部化工毒物咨询中心(CTSIS),中国预防医学科学院有毒化学品资料数据检索和咨询系统,中科院生态环境研究中心三致效应数据库。评述了各数据库的数据源、数据覆盖范围、数据的运行环境和检索方式等。     

Practical Moral Codes In the Transgenic Organism Debate

In one study funded by the United States Department of Agriculture, people from North Dakota were interviewed to discover which moral principles they use in evaluating the morality of transgenic organisms and their introduction into markets. It was found that although the moral codes the human subjects employed were very similar, their views on transgenics were vastly different. In this paper, the codes that were used by the respondents are developed, compared to that of the academically composed Belmont Report, and then modified to create the more practical Common Moral Code. At the end, it is shown that the Common Moral Code has inherent inconsistency flaws that might be resolvable, but would require extensive work on the definition of terms and principles. However, the effort is worthwhile, especially if it results in a common moral code that all those involved in the debate are willing to use in negotiating a resolution to their differences.     

国内外氧气逃生呼吸器标准比较研究

为了给氧气逃生呼吸器国家标准的制定提供参考,对比分析了国内外相关氧气呼吸器标准。研究结果表明:在保证人员安全前提下,结合产品定位于逃生目的,建议吸入气体中氧气含量的最低值≥15%,均值＞19.5%;二氧化碳含量的均值≤1.5%,峰值≤4%;最高温度≤50℃;吸气阻力≤1.2 kPa,呼气阻力≤1.2 kPa,两者之和≤1.8 kPa;实用性能引用GB/T 23465-2009中的要求。     

基于灾变的人群疏散避灾路径优化及应用

突发事件条件下的应急疏散是一个复杂的过程,不仅要考虑时间因素,而且要考虑疏散网络中各路段的受灾风险水平。因此,对于人群快速转移避灾路径的解算结果,不仅要求快速,还要求避灾。基于灾害预测的疏散路径优化理论模型,在求解时变灾害条件下,集成考虑实时与未来灾害影响的转移避灾路径优化算法。采用C#程序设计语言和Visual studio 2013平台,开发了进行模型算法实现的原型系统,并通过算例进行了说明。结果表明:在预先设置的灾害情景中,提出的模型算法可以提前规划出避开灾害且疏散时间较短的路径,为制定应急预案提供参考依据。     

转Bt基因棉花抗虫萜烯类化合物时空动态的HPLC分析

利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对转Bt基因棉花抗虫萜烯化合物种类、含量以及时空动态进行了初步研究。结果表明,被研究的抗虫棉品种抗虫萜烯类化合物在不同品种、不同组织器官间含量差异较大。叶片中杀实夜蛾素（包括H1、H2、H3、H4)含量较高,花及蕾中棉酚含量的比例明显高于叶片。总抗虫萜烯类（包括棉酚、半棉酚酮、杀实夜蛾素H1、H2、H3、H4以及甲氧基半棉酚酮等）均以铃、顶叶含量最高,蕾、花柱等器官次之。说明在棉花不同品种、同一品种不同器官中是不同的萜烯类化合物在起到抗虫作用。图3参16     

The Avoidance Responses of Daphnia magna to the Exposure of Organophosphorus Pesticides in an On-Line Biomonitoring System

In this study, avoidance behavior of the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus was used as indicator to assess the early stress of accidental organophosphorus pesticide (OP) contamination. The movement behavior was detected by a multi-species biomonitoring system. There was obvious concentration–response relationship between the OP stress and the behavioral response even at sublethal exposure. A rising OP stress resulted in a significant decrease of response time to escape (RTE; p<0.05). In comparison of different OPs, it was found that there was a power regression between RTE and the toxic unit of OPs. Therefore, the avoidance behavior of D. magna was a sensitive indicator of sublethal OP stress, and the power relationship could be used to predict the early warning thresholds of more OPs in the on-line biomonitoring system.     

Assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides with the transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants carrying recombinant guinea pig AhR and GUS reporter genes

Certain congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides are ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) in animals. A recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR, XgDV, was constructed by fusing the ligand-binding domain of gAhR, the DNA-binding domain of LexA, and the transactivating domain of VP16. Then, the expression unit of β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene regulated by XgDV was introduced into Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. When the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants were cultured on Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium containing PCB congeners, the GUS activity in the plants increased toxic equivalent (TEQ)-dependently. The GUS activity in the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants cultured on MS medium containing the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin was also induced. On the other hand, in the case of DDT, the GUS activity induced by 3-methylcholanthere in the plants decreased. The transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants detected 1000 ng g^?1 PCB126 in 1 g of soils. Thus the XgDV plants seemed to be useful for convenient assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides, without any extraction and purification steps.     

化学恐怖袭击事件的危害、征兆及紧急应对措施研究

在介绍化学恐怖活动的特点、化学毒剂的种类和对人体的危害的基础上,从怎样察觉判断化学毒剂的存在、发生化学恐怖袭击事件后的紧急应对措施、在不同公共场合发生恐怖袭击事件后的自救逃生等几个方面进行了研讨,提出利用化学恐怖袭击的征兆通过感官法、生物法与化学侦检法判断是否发生化学恐怖袭击,分析总结化学恐怖袭击发生时的紧急应对程序,以及遇袭人员出现染毒病症后的"一戴二隔三救出"及"六早"现场医学应急救援措施,并给出地铁、机场、学校、商场、高层建筑、体育馆、大型会展场馆等公共场所发生化学恐怖袭击事件时的自救逃生指引。     

“The Moral Difference between Intragenic and Transgenic Modification of Plants”

Public policy on the development and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has mainly been concerned with defining proper strategies of risk management. However, surveys and focus group interviews show that although lay people are concerned with risks, they also emphasize that genetic modification is ethically questionable in itself. Many people feel that this technology “tampers with nature” in an unacceptable manner. This is often identified as an objection to the crossing of species borders in producing transgenic organisms. Most scientists reject these opinions as based on insufficient knowledge about biotechnology, the concept of species, and nature in general. Some recent projects of genetic modification aim to accommodate the above mentioned concerns by altering the expression of endogenous genes rather than introducing genes from other species. There can be good scientific reasons for this approach, in addition to strategic reasons related to greater public acceptability. But are there also moral reasons for choosing intragenic rather than transgenic modification? I suggest three interrelated moral reasons for giving priority to intragenic modification. First, we should respect the opinions of lay people even when their view is contrary to scientific consensus; they express an alternative world-view, not scientific ignorance. Second, staying within species borders by strengthening endogenous traits reduces the risks and scientific uncertainty. Third, we should show respect for nature as a complex system of laws and interconnections that we cannot fully control. The main moral reason for intragenic modification, in our view, is the need to respect the “otherness” of nature.