不同虫压下转Bt基因水稻与非转基因水稻生态适合度差异

为了解转基因水稻的基因扩散效率和潜在生态风险,以转Bt抗虫水稻Bt63、R1、R2和非转基因常规水稻Ⅱ优838为试材,采用高、低两个不同虫害胁迫水平和转基因与非转基因水稻相间种植方式,通过观察水稻植株营养生长、结实以及对螟虫危害的抗性表现等差异,研究比较了Bt外源基因插入后对水稻植株适合度的影响.结果表明:在低虫害胁迫条件下,转Bt基因水稻在植株分蘖数、生物量鲜重等营养生长指标方面与非转基因对照品系间无明显差异,但株高、穗长、穗重等指标不及对照,且R2和Bt63与对照间差异显著;在高虫害胁迫条件下,3个转Bt基因水稻品系的分蘖数、穗长、穗重等指标明显高于对照.而不同转基因品系株高适合度效应不同,这可能与受体本身的特性相关.3种转基因水稻的单株结实粒数、千粒重与对照在两种虫害胁迫条件下均无显著性差异,Bt基因对受体植株的结实影响不明显.在高虫害胁迫条件下,3种转Bt基因水稻的抗虫能力均显著优于非转基因水稻,表明Bt基因对受体植株的抗虫性影响显著.同时,本研究结果还表明转Bt基因水稻的适合度代价较小,预示了抗虫转基因水稻外源Bt基因在一定环境条件下具有逃逸的可能,但这种风险比较小.     

苯并三唑和镉对斑马鱼肝脏的联合毒性效应

采用转基因斑马鱼Tg (lfabp10a: dsRed; elaA:EGFP)为模型,探讨了环境中苯并三唑及其衍生物(BTRs)与重金属镉对斑马鱼的单独与联合肝脏毒性效应.结果表明,0.001~0.1μmol/L CdCl2单独暴露使斑马鱼肝脏结合蛋白基因lfabp10a表达量增强,肝脏尺寸相对空白对照组显著膨大(P<0.005),而1μmol/L CdCl2显著抑制斑马鱼lfabp10a的表达,肝脏尺寸相对空白对照组显著降低(P<0.005).苯并三唑(1H-BTR,1H-benzotriazole)相对CdCl2而言毒性较低,5 μmol/L 1H-BTR暴露时斑马鱼肝脏lfabp10a表达量增强(P=0.000).联合暴露研究发现,1H-BTR能显著降低重金属镉对斑马鱼的肝脏毒性.因此, 苯并三唑在环境污染物毒性评价中具有重要意义.     

转基因作物在生产中的应用及某些潜在问题

１９９７年,经修饰的活生物体,尤其是转基因作物,得到了突飞猛进的发展,但同时转基因作物在商品化过程中也出现了一系列问题,对转基因生物潜在风险一直有不同的观点,本文就上述几方面问题作一综述．１１９９７年全球转基因作物的进展转基因生物目前在国际、国内的书...     

Assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides with the transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants carrying recombinant guinea pig AhR and GUS reporter genes

Certain congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides are ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) in animals. A recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR, XgDV, was constructed by fusing the ligand-binding domain of gAhR, the DNA-binding domain of LexA, and the transactivating domain of VP16. Then, the expression unit of β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene regulated by XgDV was introduced into Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. When the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants were cultured on Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium containing PCB congeners, the GUS activity in the plants increased toxic equivalent (TEQ)-dependently. The GUS activity in the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants cultured on MS medium containing the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin was also induced. On the other hand, in the case of DDT, the GUS activity induced by 3-methylcholanthere in the plants decreased. The transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants detected 1000 ng g^?1 PCB126 in 1 g of soils. Thus the XgDV plants seemed to be useful for convenient assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides, without any extraction and purification steps.     

转Bt基因克螟稻秸杆对淹水土壤细菌群落的影响

在实验室条件下通过秸杆还土试验比较了克螟稻Bt基因表达最高期秸杆和同一时期亲本稻秸杆的添加对淹水土壤可培养厌氧细菌数量和细菌群落组成的影响 .结果表明 ,与亲本对照相比 ,培养初期克螟稻秸杆的添加对淹水土壤厌氧发酵性细菌、产氢产乙酸细菌、反硝化细菌和产甲烷细菌的数量产生了显著性影响 ,但培养后期这种显著性差异基本消失 .PCR 变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE)指纹图谱和主成份分析 (PCA)结果表明 ,两种秸杆处理土壤细菌群落组成在培养的第 3周和第 5周达到显著性差异 ,随着培养时间的延伸 ,两种秸杆处理土壤间细菌群落组成的差异逐渐减小 .到培养的第 1 1周 ,两种秸杆处理土壤间细菌群落组成的差异基本消失 .尽管如此 ,在培养的整个过程中 ,秸杆处理土壤中可培养厌氧性细菌数量和土壤细菌群落的组成均与纯土对照存在显著性差异 .试验结果表明 ,在实验室培养的条件下 ,没有观察到转Bt基因克螟稻秸杆对淹水土壤微生物明显的长期负面影响     

Effect of vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines and their straw amendment on soil enzymes, respiration, functional diversity and community structure of soil microorganisms under field conditions

With the development of transgenic crops, there is an increasing concern about the possible adverse effects of their vegetation and residues on soil environmental quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the possible effects of the vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines Huachi B6 (HC) and TT51 (TT) followed by the return of their straw to the soil on soil enzymes (catalase, urease, neutral phosphatase and invertase), anaerobic respiration activity, microbial utilization of carbon substrates and community structure, under field conditions. The results indicated that the vegetation of the two transgenic rice lines (HC and TT) and return of their straw had few adverse effects on soil enzymes and anaerobic respiration activity compared to their parent and distant parent, although some transient differences were observed. The vegetation and subsequent straw amendment of Bt rice HC and TT did not appear to have a harmful effect on the richness, evenness and community structure of soil microorganisms. No different pattern of impact due to plant species was found between HC and TT. It could be concluded that the vegetation of transgenic Bt rice lines and the return of their straw as organic fertilizer may not alter soil microbe-mediated functions.     

土壤添加不同粘土矿物对微囊藻毒素在生菜中生物富集的影响

土壤-作物系统中微囊藻毒素的生物富集会对人类健康造成潜在威胁.本研究通过生菜（Lactuca sativa L.var.ramosa Hort.）种植实验比较了土壤添加不同比例的3种粘土矿物（凹凸棒石、蒙脱石和沸石）对微囊藻毒素-LR（microcystin-LR,MC-LR）生物富集的影响,分析含10 μg·L^-1 MC-LR溶液灌溉土壤50 d后,不同处理的MC-LR在生菜中累积量及土壤中的有效态含量和总含量.结果表明,3种粘土矿物能够不同程度有效减少MC-LR在生菜根系和叶片中的富集.5%的凹凸棒石和蒙脱石处理的生菜叶片中MC-LR含量分别较空白处理降低53.0%和52.3%,使得摄入量降低到WHO组织要求的日允许摄入限量范围.添加粘土矿物显著降低了土壤中MC-LR有效态含量.相关分析发现,生菜根系和叶片中MC-LR的含量与土壤MC-LR有效态含量均呈显著正相关.实验结果为蓝藻污染地区削减微囊藻毒素的作物富集提供了科学依据.     

转基因食品安全性评价的研究进展

转基因食品的安全性问题在世界范围内倍受关注,国内外尤其国外已经开展和正在开展许多的研究工作。实质等同性原则在转基因安全性评价中得到广泛应用,但存在一定的局限性。目前已经进行了转基因马铃薯、大豆、番茄、棉花、西葫芦、水稻、烟草以及芦笋的食用安全性评价,积累了一些研究经验和方法,得到一些有意义的研究结果,但也存在着一定的争论。文中将从评价的方法、原则和结果等几个方面报道和讨论转基因食品安全性评价的研究进展,并且指出评价中存在的问题,对转基因食品的安全性问题作了一个相对全面而客观的报道,并且总结了转基因食品安全性评价中应该注意的几个问题,对开展安全性评价工作有一定的参考价值。     

基于食物链关系评价转Bt基因棉对寄生性天敌的非靶效应

按照“棉花 -棉大卷叶螟 (Syleptaderogata)幼虫 -螟蛉绒茧蜂 (Apantelesruficrus)”三级营养食物链关系 ,对田间转Bt基因棉苏抗 310对非靶物种螟蛉绒茧蜂种群的影响进行了调查。发现转Bt基因棉苏抗 310棉田间螟蛉绒茧蜂种群生长受到了不良影响 ,种群数量显著下降 ,棉大卷叶螟幼虫发生高峰期高龄幼虫被寄生率降低。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.