基于食物链关系评价转Bt基因棉对寄生性天敌的非靶效应

按照“棉花 -棉大卷叶螟 (Syleptaderogata)幼虫 -螟蛉绒茧蜂 (Apantelesruficrus)”三级营养食物链关系 ,对田间转Bt基因棉苏抗 310对非靶物种螟蛉绒茧蜂种群的影响进行了调查。发现转Bt基因棉苏抗 310棉田间螟蛉绒茧蜂种群生长受到了不良影响 ,种群数量显著下降 ,棉大卷叶螟幼虫发生高峰期高龄幼虫被寄生率降低。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤微生物群落生物多样性的影响

设置非转基因抗虫棉棉田以及分别种植7和10 a转Bt基因抗虫棉的棉田3个处理,于2007--2008年棉花苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期采样测定了土壤中5个微生物种类的数量,以监测长期种植转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤微生物群落生物多样性的影响.结果表明,3种类型棉田土壤细菌、真菌、固氮菌、反硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌数量以及微生物多样性指数在整个棉花生长期内变化趋势基本一致,其中,在棉花蕾期各种微生物数量达到高峰.与种植非转基因抗虫棉相比,不同种植年限转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤细菌、真菌、固氮菌、反硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌数量和微生物多样性指数都无显著影响,但随着采样时间的不同,3种类型棉田土壤各类微生物数量和多样性指数都呈明显季节变化.     

烟草凋萎叶早期腐解液对莴苣的化感作用

为了研究烟草凋萎叶早期腐解液及其不同组分的化感作用,以对化感物质具有高敏感性的莴苣(Lactuca sativa)为指示材料,对烟草品种K326凋萎叶早期腐解液及其分离后的各组分分别进行了化感潜力的生物测定.结果表明:1)早期腐解液及其组分随处理浓度的增大对莴苣种子萌发的抑制效应逐渐增强,且显著降低了种子萌发速率,并延...     

Assays of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in actually contaminated soils using transgenic tobacco plants carrying a recombinant mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression system

The transgenic tobacco plant XD4V-26 carrying the recombinant mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor XD4V-mediated β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression system was used for assay of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds consisting of polychlorinated dibenzeno-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs) in actually contaminated soils. The transgenic tobacco plant XD4V-26 showed a significant dose-dependent induced GUS activity when cultured on MS medium containing PCB126 [toxic equivalency factor (TEF) = 0.1]. In contrast, PCB169 and PCB180, which have 0.03 of TEF and unassigned TEF values, respectively, did not significantly induce GUS activity under the same conditions as with PCB126. When the tobacco plants were cultivated for up to 5 weeks on actually contaminated soils with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds collected from the periphery of an incinerator used for disposal of residential and industrial wastes, GUS activity in the leaves was dose-dependently increased. The plants clearly detected 360 pg-TEQ g^?1 of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in this assay. There was a positive correlation between GUS activity and TEQ value of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in the plants. This assay does not require any extraction and purification processes for the actually contaminated soil samples.     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复中转基因技术的应用

重金属污染的植物修复技术以其费用低廉、不污染环境等优点一度成为环境科学界研究的热点。为了克服植物修复技术中超积累植物生长缓慢和地上部生物量小等带来的限制，近年来研究者通过大量试验研究发展，外源基因在植物体内的高效表达可以提高植物吸收、运输、降解污染物的能力和修复的效率。本文首先对目前国内外重金属污染土壤植物修复的研究动态进行综述，重点论述了PCs、MTs、MerA、MerB、ArsC、γ-ECS等转基因在土壤重金属污染植物修复中的应用，最后指出在充分考虑到转基因植物给生态环境带来潜在威胁的前提下，转基因技术的研究与开发不仅可以促进多学科的交叉研究和丰富环境科学的研究领域，更重要的是在很大程度上有效地克服了目前土壤重金属污染植物修复中存在并急需解决的棘手问题，为土壤重金属污染的植物修复提供了更加广阔的应用和发展前景。     

温度、水分和盐度对转基因耐草甘膦大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了探明转CP4-EPSPS(5-烯醇丙酮酸莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶)基因是否会对大豆种子及幼苗的抗逆性产生影响,进而为转基因耐草甘膦大豆的环境安全评价提供科学依据,通过室内试验研究了温度、水分和盐度对转基因耐草甘膦大豆ARG、受体大豆n-ARG及我国传统栽培大豆苏豆3号种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在种子萌发阶段,ARG对高温胁迫和水分胁迫的抗性显著低于n-ARG和苏豆3号;ARG对盐分胁迫的抗性与n-ARG没有显著差异,但抗性明显弱于苏豆3号。幼苗生长阶段,在温度胁迫(高温40℃,低温15℃)和水分胁迫(渍水和干旱)条件下,ARG在株高增长量和生物量方面都没有表现出优势,相反,在某些方面反而抗性更弱。例如,在轻度干旱胁迫(相对含水量55%)条件下,ARG地上部干重明显小于n-ARG。ARG对盐分胁迫的抗性也弱于n-ARG及我国传统栽培大豆苏豆3号。总之,与非转基因受体大豆n-ARG和我国传统栽培大豆苏豆3号相比,转基因耐草甘膦大豆ARG在温度、水分和盐度逆境条件下的竞争性和入侵性不强。     

重金属污染农田生菜根际重金属固定细菌群落组成及其阻控效应

为了了解高含量重金属对蔬菜根际土壤可培养细菌和重金属固定细菌群落的影响,发掘其中的微生物资源,从河南省新乡市郊区采集一份高含量重金属污染(HY)和一份低含量重金属污染(DK)意大利生菜根际土壤,通过可培养分离技术和溶液吸附实验比较其重金属固定细菌的群落差异,通过水培实验研究功能菌株对生菜生长和富集Cd和Pb的影响.从HY和DK样品中各分离出400株细菌:HY样品中的400株细菌隶属于3门14属,其中β-Proteobacteria是优势门,而DK样品中的400株细菌隶属于4门30属,Firmicutes是优势门.HY样品中的400株细菌中有146株细菌对Cd和Pb的吸附率均大于80%,Brevundimonas、Serratia、Arthrobacter和Pseudarthrobacter为主要的属.而DK样品中的400株细菌中有44株细菌对Cd和Pb的吸附率均大于80%,Bacillus为主要的属.与不接菌对照相比,重金属固定细菌Serratia liquefaciens HY-22、Bacillus thuringensis HY-53和Acinetobacter lwoffii HY-157均能显著提高意大利生菜和花叶生菜根部(7. 5%～77. 6%)和地上部(15. 4%～67. 2%)干重,降低意大利生菜根部和地上部Cd(38. 7%～66. 6%)和Pb(34. 7%～62. 5%)的含量,此外Bacillus thuringensis HY-53能够使意大利生菜和花叶生菜新鲜叶片中Cd和Pb的含量达到食品安全国家标准.研究结果为Cd和Pb污染农田的修复和农作物的安全生产提供菌种资源和理论依据.     

mCry1Ac基因在抗虫转基因玉米Bt799中的表达特征

采用双抗夹心酶联免疫法(ELISA)定量检测转mCry1 Ac基因抗虫玉米Bt799在不同生育期不同植株部位的mCry1Ac蛋白含量。结果显示:mCry1 Ac基因在整个生育期玉米叶、茎、根和种子中均能表达,mCry1Ac蛋白含量为(0.82±0.10)~(15.83±1.77)μg·g-1;随着生育期和植株部位的不同,mCry1Ac蛋白含量呈现明显的时空动态变化,其中,叶、茎和根中mCry1Ac蛋白含量随转基因玉米生育期的推移均呈增加趋势,并均在完熟期达最高;在除苗期外的其他各生育期叶中mCry1Ac蛋白含量均显著高于其他植株部位,而在完熟期种子中mCry1Ac蛋白含量在各植株部位中最低,为(2.86±1.71)μg·g-1。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

紫色土中镍植物毒性的研究

镍植物效应在不同土壤中有着很大差异。本文以盆栽试验从土壤、植物两方面研究了镍在6种不同理化性质紫色土中对莴笋的毒性特征。镍对莴笋的毒性是植物诱导性缺镁和叶片Ni/Mn值增大（＞0.06～0.10）所致。石灰性紫色土供镁不足是其镍毒性加剧的原因。土壤的组份与性质对土壤镍毒性行为有很大影响。因此,评价土壤镍植物效应时,必须注意土壤的理化特性