转基因作物对土壤生物的影响

综述了转基因作物根系分泌物和转基因作物残茬对土壤微生物和土壤动物的影响,主要表现在3方面:(1)对某些微生物和土壤动物有毒害作用;(2)为特定的微生物和土壤生物提供营养;(3)对土壤生物可能产生长期累积影响,但对此尚无定论。     

Modified accumulation of selected heavy metals in Bt transgenic rice

Safety assessment of genetically modified crops generally does not take into account the potential hazard of altered patterns of heavy metal accumulation in plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the impact of heavy metal amendments on the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a Bt transgenic rice Ke-Ming-Dao (KMD) and its wild-type Xiushui 11 (Xs11). In control soils, significant di erence was only found in contents of Cu (p < 0.01) and Pb (p < 0.05) in straw between KMD and Xs11. At three levels of Cd amendments (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), the Cd contents in grain and straw of KMD were significantly higher than those of Xs11, and all grain Cd contents were significantly higher than the International Criteria (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) as specified by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). These results implied that it may be unsafe for growing Bt transgenic rice in heavily Cd-polluted areas. No significant di erence in Zn was found between the two varieties with the exception of roots at Zn amendment level of 600 mg/kg, while Pb contents in KMD were much higher in the straw at the lead amendment level of 1000 mg/kg and in the root at 250 mg Pb/kg. Data on the heavy metal accumulation patterns for the genetically modified rice may be used for the selection of growing areas as well as for plant residue management for Bt rice.     

Effect of processing on the disappearance of pesticide residues in fresh-cut lettuce: Bioavailability and dietary risk

The aim of this research is to establish the processing factors of six pesticides durong the preparation of fresh-cut lettuce and to assess the risk of ingestion of pesticide residues associated with the consumption of the same. A field study was carried out on the dissipation of three insecticides (imidacloprid, tebufenozide, cypermethrin) and three fungicides (metalaxyl, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin) during treatment conditions simulating those used for commercial fresh-cut lettuce. A simultaneous residue analysis method is validated using QuEChERS extraction with acetonitrile and CG-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis. The residues detected after field application never exceed the established Maximum Residue Limits. The processing factors were generally less than 1 (between 0.34 for tebufenozide and 0.53 for imidacloprid), indicating that the process, as a whole, considerably reduces residue levels in processed lettuce compared to fresh lettuce. It is confirmed that cutting, followed by washing and drying, considerably reduces the residues. A matrix effect in the dialyzation of the pesticides is observed and the in vitro study of bioavailability establishes a low percentage of stomach absorption capacity (<15%). The EDI/ADI ratios found in all cases were well below their ADI values, and the dietary exposure assessed (EDI) in fresh-cut lettuce showed no concerns for consumer health.     

滇池流域蔬菜地土壤氮素分布与转移特征

选取滇池流域蔬菜设施保护地油麦菜（Lactuca sativa var.ramosa）种植区进行研究,分为高量组和低量组两个组别进行,每组分别设置9个施肥处理。试验结果表明：土壤总氮在各水平处理之间并没有规律性变化,在垂直梯度上（0-20、20-40、40-60cm）,土壤养分随深度增加而递减;高量组和低量组在生长期和成熟期,土壤总氮积累量和施氮量表现出了显著正向线性相关,相关系数R分别为0.9873、0.9901、0.9881和0.9880;适量施氮,土壤氮积累量表现出减少,而过量施氮则表现出了盈余;高量组氮损失量均大于低量组,且高量组在不同生育期的氮损失量与施氮量表现出极显著的线性正相关,相关系数R分别为0.9823、0.9719。高量组与低量组氮素损失率生长期均高于成熟期,而各处理之间未表现出明显的变化规律,最大损失率为39.79%,在适宜施肥量的处理中,损失率也达到了20%以上。     

不同聚合物类型微塑料浸出液的表征及其对生菜种子萌发的影响

土壤中微塑料积累可影响植物种子萌发与生长,但其物质溶出对植物造成的化学风险尚不明确.为探究微塑料浸出液对生菜（Lactuca sativa L.）的毒性效应,以聚酰胺（PA）和聚乙烯（PE）制备的微塑料纤维为对象,考察不同浸提温度（25℃和50℃）下两种微塑料浸出液中可溶性有机碳、氮（DOC和DON）溶出情况及紫外光谱学参数变化,并开展种子发芽试验.结果表明,聚酰胺微塑料PA在浸出液中DOC和DON的溶出量远高于聚乙烯微塑料PE,且DOC和DON浓度随着浸提温度的提高而增加.微塑料的聚合物类型显著影响了浸出液的芳香性、疏水性组分含量及分子量等参数,而浸提温度则无显著性影响.与对照组相比,微塑料浸出液均降低了生菜种子的发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等指标,而对株高、根长、鲜重和干重等农艺特征指标影响较小.同时,微塑料浸出液造成了部分种子胚根和子叶的发育异常.研究表明微塑料浸出的物质对生菜种子萌发过程具有一定的干扰作用,需着重考虑微塑料对土壤-植物系统产生的化学风险.     

废塑料再生产品对生菜种子萌发及根伸长影响

通过室内培养试验研究了三种废塑料再生产品对生菜种子萌发及根伸长的影响。结果表明:在生菜种子发芽阶段,再生塑料和再生建材对生菜种子发芽率影响都不大,但低浓度的再生油就已对生菜种子发芽率产生了很大的抑制效应,如500mg/kg处理时,发芽率为对照的61.5%,极显著地低于对照(P0.01)。在生菜生长阶段,随着废塑料再生产品处理浓度的增加,对生菜根长和芽长的抑制作用都呈上升趋势。其中,再生塑料和再生建材对生菜种子发芽率及根、芽长受抑制的敏感性依次为根长芽长发芽率,而对于再生油,根、芽长受污染胁迫抑制明显,当污染浓度为15000mg/kg时,根长抑制率已达到了67.1%±2.1%,芽长抑制率高达77.8%±2.2%,三项指标对再生油胁迫的敏感性则表现为发芽率芽长根长。     

不同阻控措施对生菜中镉铅累积及品质的影响

为探索受重金属镉（Cd）和铅（Pb）复合污染农田的安全利用技术,实现农产品安全生产,采用盆栽试验,以低铅镉累积品种生菜（KCW）为供试材料,研究2种土壤钝化剂和5种叶面阻控剂对生菜中Cd和Pb累积及品质的影响.结果表明,不同阻控措施对生菜土壤pH值影响不同,其中施用45 g ·m^-2生物炭基钝化剂对提升土壤pH值差异最显著,较CK提高了0.8个单位;施用72 g ·m^-2腐殖酸钝化剂对降低生菜土壤pH值差异最显著,较CK显著降低了0.25个单位.在所有阻控措施中,施用45g ·m^-2生物炭基钝化剂对土壤有效态Cd含量的降低效果最好,较CK显著降低53%,施用135g ·m^-2生物炭基钝化剂对土壤有效态Pb含量的降低效果最好,较CK显著降低64%.喷施0.8% FAK-Zn叶面阻控剂不仅对降低生菜可食部Cd、Pb含量的阻控效果最佳,分别较CK显著降低77%和60%,且还显著降低生菜可食部Cd、Pb富集系数和根部向可食部的转运系数.不同阻控措施对生菜营养品质影响不同,其中0.4% FAK-Zn叶面阻控剂对可溶性蛋白提升效果最佳;0.6% FAK-Zn对可溶性糖提升效果最佳,0.4% FAK-Zn阻控剂对维生素C含量提升效果最佳.总之,施用生物炭基钝化剂可有效地修复受Cd和Pb复合污染的生菜土壤,而喷施FAK-Zn叶面阻控剂可有效地抑制生菜中Cd和Pb富集吸收转移,并能改善提升生菜营养品质,为重金属复合污染的蔬菜安全生产提供理论依据,促进资源与环境的循环利用.     

抗除草剂转基因作物基因流及其安全性评估方法的探讨

针对目前抗除草剂转基因作物基因流及其安全性评估方法存在的问题,提出了以亲和性为依据的抗性基因流的评估方法;同时以时间关系序列、空间关系序列和种群数量关系序列为原则,探讨了近缘种选择的标准。     

贫瘠营养条件下转cry1Ab/c基因水稻的生态适合度

以抗虫转cry1 Ab/c基因水稻华恢1号(Bt水稻)及其非转基因亲本明恢63(CK水稻)为研究材料,在模拟贫瘠营养条件下(不施肥、无靶标虫压)初步评估了转cry1Ab/c抗虫基因水稻的生态适合度效应.结果表明:贫瘠条件下Bt水稻cry1 Ab/c基因的基本表达规律与大田条件下相似,但是Bt蛋白表达量更低.与亲本明恢63相比,Bt水稻在主要生长发育期的株高、叶绿素含量、叶形和根系等指标方面呈现出显著的生态适合度利益,Bt水稻实粒数、谷粒数、实粒重和千粒重这些重要繁殖指标也较亲本水稻显示出明显的生态适合度正效应,表明其种群在自然界中的生存能力和延续能力可能超越CK水稻,从而产生环境风险.     

水稻OsGPCR基因的克隆及遗传转化分析

G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCR)基因家族是目前已知最大的膜受体超家族,参与生物的生长发育调控和激素应答.通过RT-PCR分离了水稻中一个具有7次跨膜(Seven transmembrane,7TM)结构域的OsGPCR候选基因;分析该基因启动子序列,发现它含有赤霉素GA应答相关元件.为分析其功能,分别构建OsGPCR过表达和RNA干涉载体,并通过农杆菌介导法转化获得转基因水稻植株.实验结果表明,较之野生型,过表达转基因植株对赤霉素反应更敏感,RNA干涉植株则反之.