新烟碱类杀虫剂对非靶标生物毒性效应的研究进展

新烟碱类杀虫剂是目前全球市场占有率最高的一类杀虫剂,它们选择性作用于昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体,以往普遍认为其对非靶标生物毒性较低。然而,越来越多的证据表明,新烟碱类杀虫剂的暴露会对非靶标生物造成负面影响。本文综述了新烟碱类杀虫剂对水生生物、非靶标昆虫、鸟类和哺乳动物等多种非靶标生物的毒性,以及对人类健康的影响。新烟碱类杀虫剂对各类生物均具有急性致死毒性,但不同物种之间半数致死浓度(LC_(50))或半数致死剂量(LD_(50))差别较大,由低至高依次为昆虫(0.01～2.38 mg·L~(-1),3.7～81 ng·bee~(-1))、甲壳动物(0.59～37.75 mg·L~(-1))、鱼类(1.2～241 mg·L~(-1))、鸟类(15～>2 000 mg·kg~(-1))和哺乳动物(82～>5 000 mg·kg~(-1))。新烟碱类杀虫剂对非靶标生物的亚致死毒性表现在降低繁殖力和生长速度、降低活动性、影响神经系统、扰乱代谢平衡、损伤DNA等。总体上看,吡虫啉的毒性最高,呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺的毒性较低。啶虫脒、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的毒性大小顺序随物种不同而不同。对于水生生物和非靶标昆虫,噻虫啉和噻虫胺的毒性较高,而对于鸟类和哺乳动物,啶虫脒的毒性较高。最后针对现有研究的不足,提出了今后的研究方向,以期为该类杀虫剂的风险评估和合理施用提供科学依据。     

改良型A2／O-MBR工艺的反硝化除磷性能研究

重点考察了-种改良型膜生物反应器（A2／O—MBR）的脱氮除磷性能。该工艺主要特点在于对膜池硝化回流液进行了固液分离,并将上清液和浓缩污泥分别回流至缺氧池和厌氧池,这种改进提高了系统对氮、磷的同步去除效率。实验结果表明,在水力停留时间（HRT）为12h,污泥龄（SRT）为30d,混合液回流比为200％的运行条件下,进水COD、NH4＋-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为（225±38）、（24．8±3．9）、（26．7±2．9）和（2．90±0．53）mg／L时,增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置前后,系统对COD和NH4＋-N的去除都维持在较高水平,而系统对TN和TP的去除效果显著提高,出水TN和TP平均浓度分别由（14．9±3．3）mg／L和（1．95±0．72）mg／L下降到（9．4±1．9）mg／L和（0．91±0．38）mg／L,表明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置显著改善了A2／O-MBR系统的脱氮除磷效果。反硝化除磷活性实验结果进一步表明,改进后系统中反硝化除磷活性占总除磷活性的比例由51．5％上升至61．7％,说明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置强化了系统的反硝化除磷性能。     

The selective role of nitrite in the PAO/GAO competition

Proliferation of Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAOs) accounts as one of the major bottlenecks in biological phosphorus removal systems. GAO outcompeting polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) results in lower P-removal. Thus, finding optimal conditions that favour PAO in front of GAO is a current focus of research. This work shows how nitrite can provide a novel strategy for PAO enrichment. A propionate-fed GAO-enriched biomass (70% Defluviicoccus I, 18% Defluviicoccus II and 10% PAO) was subjected more than 50 d under anaerobic-anoxic conditions with nitrite as electron acceptor. These operational conditions led to a PAO-enriched sludge (85%) where GAO were washed out of the system (<10%), demonstrating the validity of the new approach for PAO enrichment. In addition, the presented suppression of Defluviicocus GAO with nitrite represents an add-on benefit to the nitrite-based systems since the proliferation of non-desirable GAO can be easily ruled out and added to the other benefits (i.e. lower aeration and COD requirements).     

转Bt基因棉花抗虫萜烯类化合物时空动态的HPLC分析

利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对转Bt基因棉花抗虫萜烯化合物种类、含量以及时空动态进行了初步研究。结果表明,被研究的抗虫棉品种抗虫萜烯类化合物在不同品种、不同组织器官间含量差异较大。叶片中杀实夜蛾素（包括H1、H2、H3、H4)含量较高,花及蕾中棉酚含量的比例明显高于叶片。总抗虫萜烯类（包括棉酚、半棉酚酮、杀实夜蛾素H1、H2、H3、H4以及甲氧基半棉酚酮等）均以铃、顶叶含量最高,蕾、花柱等器官次之。说明在棉花不同品种、同一品种不同器官中是不同的萜烯类化合物在起到抗虫作用。图3参16     

基于水生生物的湖泊营养类型评价

对乌梁素海的水生生物进行了评价分析。结果表明:乌梁素海浮游动物共有4大类62种,平均生物量为3.75 mg/L,底栖动物11种,隶属3门3纲4科。底栖动物平均生物量为71.7 g/m2,属于富营养类型。     

洪泽湖硝基苯类化合物的污染特征

对洪泽湖水质、底泥及水生生物样品10种硝基苯类化合物的浓度进行了测定,水样中总硝基苯类化合物的含量在0.179~5.17μg/L,北部湖区和南部湖区的总硝基苯类化合物的浓度较高,其中成河北(S7)的浓度最高。底泥中的含量在0.137~4.50μg/kg,北部湖区及出湖口附近形成一个硝基苯类化合物的污染带,其中成河东(S6)的浓度最高。水生生物体内的总硝基苯含量按鲫鱼、白鱼、泥鳅、龙虾、河蚌、螺蛳依次升高。     

Assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides with the transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants carrying recombinant guinea pig AhR and GUS reporter genes

Certain congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides are ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) in animals. A recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR, XgDV, was constructed by fusing the ligand-binding domain of gAhR, the DNA-binding domain of LexA, and the transactivating domain of VP16. Then, the expression unit of β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene regulated by XgDV was introduced into Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. When the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants were cultured on Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium containing PCB congeners, the GUS activity in the plants increased toxic equivalent (TEQ)-dependently. The GUS activity in the transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants cultured on MS medium containing the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin was also induced. On the other hand, in the case of DDT, the GUS activity induced by 3-methylcholanthere in the plants decreased. The transgenic Arabidopsis XgDV plants detected 1000 ng g^?1 PCB126 in 1 g of soils. Thus the XgDV plants seemed to be useful for convenient assays of PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides, without any extraction and purification steps.     

亚硝酸对聚磷菌好氧吸磷抑制作用研究

为确定亚硝酸对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制作用,利用批量实验研究了在不同pH下不同浓度的亚硝态氮对聚磷菌好氧吸磷过程的影响.实验结果表明,亚硝酸对聚磷菌好氧吸磷具有更直接的影响;亚硝酸质量浓度达到0.001 00 mg/L时,聚磷菌好氧吸磷即会受到50％的抑制.聚磷菌受到较低浓度的亚硝酸抑制时,其在无亚硝酸存在的环境中好氧吸磷能力基本能恢复.     

Measuring biomass specific ammonium, nitrite and phosphate uptake rates in aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology offers the possibility to remove organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a single reactor system. The granular structure is stratified in such a way that both aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic layers are present. Since most of the biological processes in AGS systems occur simultaneously, the measurement and estimation of the capacity of specific conversions is complicated compared to suspended biomass. The determination of the activities of different functional groups in aerobic granular sludge allows for identification of the potential metabolic capacity of the sludge and aids to analyze bioreactor performance. It allows for comparison of different sludges and enables improved understanding of the interaction and competition between different metabolic groups of microorganisms. The most appropriate experimental conditions and methods to determine specific ammonium, nitrite and phosphate uptake rates under normal operation of AGS reactors were evaluated and described in this study. Extra biomass characterization experiments determining the maximum uptake rate of these compounds on optimized conditions were performed as well to see how much spare capacity was available. The methodologies proposed may serve as an experimental frame of reference for investigating the metabolic capacities of microbial functional groups in biofilm processes.     

Trace metals assessment in water, sediment, mussel and seagrass species--validation of the use of Posidonia oceanica as a metal biomonitor

The accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb) was measured in water, sediment, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Samples were collected in three locations of the north-western Mediterranean (Canari, Livorno and Porto-Torres) which present different levels and sources of human impact. Analyses in the different compartments (water, sediment, M. galloprovincialis and P. oceanica) have allowed to identify Canari as the most Cd, Co, Cr and Ni contaminated site; Livorno as the most Hg contaminated and Porto-Torres as the most Pb contaminated. Furthermore, for the first time, metal concentrations found in P. oceanica have been compared with those found in the water column, in the sediment and in the recognized metal bio-indicator species M. galloprovincialis and the results obtained have led to the same conclusions. Thus, this study allows to validate the use of P. oceanica as metal biomonitor of coastal waters.