释氧材料修复地下水石油烃污染研究进展

石油烃对土壤和地下水的污染不断被重视,释氧材料作为一种强化生物修复技术正日益受到关注。文章介绍了释氧材料的发展史,阐述修复场地条件、地下水化学环境和材料释氧速率控制对修复效果的影响,并对该技术的发展进行了展望。     

淀山湖沉水植物死亡分解过程中营养物质的释放

测定了上海淀山湖5种常见沉水植物的营养成分含量及其死亡后在好氧(DO>3.5 mg/L)或低氧(DO<3.5 mg/L)状态下分解释放TN、TP和有机物(以高锰酸盐指数计,下同)等营养物质的动态过程,并对营养物质释放强度与营养成分含量的相关性进行了分析.结果表明, 5种沉水植物中,金鱼藻的TN和TP含量最高,质量分数分别为(4.07±0.22)%和(0.99±0.09)%;好氧状态下TN和有机物的释放强度大于低氧状态,两种状态下TP的释放强度没有显著差异;TP的释放比TN快,一般需10 d左右,而TN和有机物的释放分别需要29 d和20 d左右;在好氧状态下,NO-2-N、NO-3-N和可溶性总磷酸盐的平均释放强度与植物TN含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),NH 4-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05);在低氧状态下,NO-2-N的平均释放强度与植物TN含量、NO-3-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量分别呈显著正相关(p<0.05);有机物的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01).     

方解石活性覆盖系统抑制底泥磷释放的影响因素研究

通过摇床振荡试验和底泥磷释放控制模拟试验,考察了覆盖系统厚度、上覆水Ca2 浓度、温度、方解石粒径以及人工曝气等对方解石活性覆盖系统抑制底泥磷释放效率的影响.结果表明,方解石覆盖系统可以抑制厌氧状态下底泥磷的释放,且抑制效果受覆盖系统厚度、上覆水Ca2 浓度、温度、方解石粒径及人工曝气等的影响.方解石覆盖系统对底泥磷释放的抑制效率随厚度的增加而明显提高,方解石投加量由12.7 kg/m2增加到38.2 kg/m2,模拟期间覆盖系统对底泥磷释放的抑制率则由56%增加到99%;上覆水的Ca2 会增强方解石覆盖系统对底泥磷释放抑制的效率,上覆水Ca2 浓度由1 mmol/L增加到5mmol/L,模拟期间上覆水的磷浓度下降36%左右;对于方解石投加量较少的情况下,高温条件与低温条件相比,底泥向上覆水释放更多的磷,而通过增加覆盖系统的厚度可以消除高温所带来的不利影响;方解石覆盖系统对底泥磷释放的抑制效率随粒径的减小而明显增强;对方解石覆盖系统表面进行人工曝气,不仅可以降低底泥氨氮的释放速率,而且还可以降低底泥磷的释放速率.     

三峡水库主要支流沉积物的磷吸附/释放特性

以三峡水库主要支流寸滩、小江、大宁和香溪表层沉积物为对象,通过连续提取法分析4种沉积物磷的赋存形态,模拟研究了pH和温度对不同沉积物磷吸附/释放的影响.结果表明,寸滩、小江、大宁和香溪表层沉积物磷赋存形态均以无机磷为主(占总磷含量的59.29%～78.82%),其中钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量大于铁/铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P).上覆水pH值对沉积物磷释放有明显的影响,中性条件下磷释放量最低,酸性条件下由于占优势的Ca-P大量溶解导致磷释放量大于碱性条件,因此,水体酸化易增加三峡主要支流(寸滩、小江、大宁和香溪)的磷释放风险.pH值变化亦明显影响沉积物对于磷的吸附,pH在6～8范围内,4种沉积物对于磷的吸附量保持在较高的水平,吸附量从大到小的顺序为:小江大宁寸滩香溪.偏酸性条件(pH6)下过多的H 与固体表面竞争溶解态活性磷(SRP);偏碱性条件(pH>8)下大量的OH->与SRP竞争沉积物表面的吸附位,故这-pH值范围内(pH<6或pH>8)磷的吸附量明显减少.磷在4种沉积物上的吸附为吸热过程,不同温度下(278K、293K、303K)沉积物对P的吸附均符合修正后的Langmuir模型,标准吸附热为18.92～46.63 kJ·mol-1其中,磷从水体分配到大宁河沉积物中的标准吸附热最大.     

Using ecosystem-services assessments to determine trade-offs in ecosystem-based management of marine mammals

The goal of ecosystem-based management (EBM) is to support a sustainable and holistic multisectored management approach, and is recognized in a number of international policy frameworks. However, it remains unknown how these goals should be linked to assessments and management plans for marine fauna, such as mammals and fish stocks. It appears particularly challenging to carry out trade-off analyses of various ocean uses without a framework that integrates knowledge of environmental, social, and economic benefits derived from nonstationary marine fauna. We argue this gap can be filled by applying a version of the ecosystem-service approach at the population level of marine fauna. To advance this idea, we used marine mammals as a case study to demonstrate what indicators could operationalize relevant assessments and deliver an evidence base for the presence of ecosystem services and disservices derived from marine mammals. We found indicators covering common ecosystem service categories feasible to apply; examples of indicator data are already available in the literature for several populations. We encourage further exploration of this approach for application to marina fauna and biodiversity management, with the caveat that conceptual tensions related to the use of the ecosystem service concept itself needs to be addressed to ensure acceptance by relevant stakeholders.     

An ecological framework for contextualizing carnivore–livestock conflict

Carnivore predation on livestock is a complex management and policy challenge, yet it is also intrinsically an ecological interaction between predators and prey. Human–wildlife interactions occur in socioecological systems in which human and environmental processes are closely linked. However, underlying human–wildlife conflict and key to unpacking its complexity are concrete and identifiable ecological mechanisms that lead to predation events. To better understand how ecological theory accords with interactions between wild predators and domestic prey, we developed a framework to describe ecological drivers of predation on livestock. We based this framework on foundational ecological theory and current research on interactions between predators and domestic prey. We used this framework to examine ecological mechanisms (e.g., density-mediated effects, behaviorally mediated effects, and optimal foraging theory) through which specific management interventions operate, and we analyzed the ecological determinants of failure and success of management interventions in 3 case studies: snow leopards (Panthera uncia), wolves (Canis lupus), and cougars (Puma concolor). The varied, context-dependent successes and failures of the management interventions in these case studies demonstrated the utility of using an ecological framework to ground research and management of carnivore–livestock conflict. Mitigation of human–wildlife conflict appears to require an understanding of how fundamental ecological theories work within domestic predator–prey systems.     

The littoral zone of lake okeechobee as a source of phosphorus after drawdown

Following a period of prolonged drought or intentional lake level drawdown, large littoral areas that once contained submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) are reinundated when lake levels rise. A complete assessment of the contribution made by decomposing SAV to the in-lake phosphorus (P) concentration is important in both the management of Lake Okeechobee and understanding basic P processes. The P contribution to the open waters of Lake Okeechobee from a rapid inundation of exposed SAV was calculated by four methods: cores of field-desiccated SAV, cores of lab-desiccated SAV in the presence and absence of sediments, in situ decomposition, and sequential macrophyte harvesting. P releases, given such an episodic event, were similar among the four methods, ranging from 116±48 to 384±528 mg/m² in the absence of sediment. When SAV is in contact with sediment, which is the realistic field situation, the amount of P released was four times less (30±14 mg/m²) than in the absence of sediment. The calculated P releases would result in total P concentration increases in the lake from 2 to 15 μg/liter (upper 95% CI=2–25 μg/liter) in the absence of sediment; only 1 μg/liter increase was predicted when SAV released P in contact with sediment. Thus it is unlikely that a significant rise in total P concentrations in the limnetic zone of the lake would occur from the export of P released during the desiccation of SAV in the littoral-marsh zone during a drawdown.     

Prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia major by fetal blood analysis: Experience with 1000 cases

In this report we have summarized our experience with the prenatal diagnosis of β-thalassemia in 1000 pregnancies followed at least until 12 months after birth. In the majority of these cases, the thalassemia lesion was the nonsense mutation at the codon corresponding to amino acid 39, which produces the hematological phenotype of β-thalassemia. Fetal blood sampling was carried out by placental aspiration, by which a sufficient amount of fetal blood for analysis was obtained in the majority of cases (99 per cent). The fetal mortality associated with fetal blood sampling was 6·3 per cent. Those placental samples contaminated by maternal cells were successfully purified by Ørskov lysis. Fetal blood was analysed by globin chain synthesis on CM–52 columns, which gave reliable results. Two misdiagnoses (0·2 per cent) have been made of which one was due to a non-globin protein co-migrating with the β-chains while the other resulted from a misclassification of the type of thalassemia segregating in the family.     

造纸黑液木素在肥料中的应用

综述了造纸黑液木素功能性肥料的研究动态及作者的研究成果 ,指出了造纸黑液木素肥料资源化的应用前景     

浅水湖泊营养盐的释放

对浅水湖泊中营养盐释放的影响因素分别进行了综述和讨论,并认为水动力过程和水-土界面的铁、锰、硫循环与沉积物中磷释放的关系应该给予足够的重视.