The convergence of alternative food networks within “rural development” initiatives: the case of the New Rural Reconstruction Movement in China†

Rural sociologists and geographers have conceptualised different rural development trajectories including “the agri-industrial model”, “the post-productivist model” and “the rural development model”. Alternative food networks (AFNs) are increasingly recognised as a “forerunner” and a critical component of the emerging “rural development model” in the West. Meanwhile, Marsden and Franklin [2013. Replacing neoliberalism: theoretical implications of the rise of local food movements. Local Environment, 18 (5), 636–641] pointed out that there is a “local trap” in the current conceptualisation of AFNs that overemphasises their local embeddedness and heterogeneity. This “local trap” marginalises AFNs and, therefore, hinders their potential for transforming the industrialised conventional food system. The convergence and scaling-up of fragmented AFNs have been recognised as important ways to address this marginalisation issue and thus have attracted considerable attention. However, current studies of the convergence of AFNs focus mainly on the role of food-centred organisations without recognising the role of the emerging “rural development” initiatives in the convergence of AFNs. Based on in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and analysis of secondary data, this paper uses the New Rural Reconstruction Movement (NRRM), an emerging alternative rural development movement in China, as an example to illustrate how the NRRM opens up a novel space for the convergence of AFNs. We argue that the interrelationship between AFNs and rural development is indeed reciprocal. The NRRM, following the “rural development” trajectory, functions as a hub for the convergence and scaling-up of various alternative food initiatives. Strategies for achieving convergence include constructing a “common ground” for these initiatives, establishing national alliances and organisations, sharing knowledge and exchanging personnel among them.     

Non-biodegradable landfill leachate treatment by combined process of agitation,coagulation, SBR and filtration

This study describes the complete treatment of non-biodegradable landfill leachate by combined treatment processes. The processes consist of agitation as a novel stripping method used to overcome the ammonia toxicity regarding aerobic microorganisms. The NH₃-N removal ratio was 93.9% obtained at pH 11.5 and a gradient velocity (G) 150 s^?1 within a five-hour agitation time. By poly ferric sulphate (PFS) coagulation followed the agitation process; chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) were removed at 70.6% and 49.4%, respectively at an optimum dose of 1200 mg L^?1 at pH 5.0. The biodegradable ratio BOD₅/COD was improved from 0.18 to 0.31 during pretreatment step by agitation and PFS coagulation. Thereafter, the effluent was diluted with sewage at a different ratio before it was subjected to sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment. Up to 93.3% BOD₅, 95.5% COD and 98.1% NH₃-N removal were achieved by SBR operated under anoxic–aerobic–anoxic conditions. The filtration process was carried out using sand and carbon as a dual filter media as polishing process. The final effluent concentration of COD, BOD₅, suspended solid (SS), NH₃-N and total organic carbon (TOC) were 72.4 mg L^?1, 22.8 mg L^?1, 24.2 mg L^?1, 18.4 mg L^?1 and 50.8 mg L^?1 respectively, which met the discharge standard. The results indicated that a combined process of agitation-coagulation-SBR and filtration effectively eliminated pollutant loading from landfill leachate.     

Combining culturomic sources to uncover trends in popularity and seasonal interest in plants

Culturomic tools enable the exploration of trends in human–nature interactions, although they entail inherent biases and necessitate careful validation. Furthermore, people may engage with nature across different culturomic data sets differently. We evaluated people's digital interest and engagement with plant species based on Wikipedia and Google data and explored the conservation implications of these temporal interest patterns. As a case study, we explored the digital footprints of the most popular plant species in Israel. We analyzed 4 years of daily page views from Hebrew Wikipedia and 10 years of daily Google search volume in Israel. We modeled popularity of plant species in these 2 data sets based on a suite of plant attributes. We further explored the seasonal trends of people's interest in each species. We found differences in how people interacted digitally with plants in Wikipedia and Google. Overall, in Google, searches for species that have utility to humans were more common, whereas in Wikipedia, plants that serve as cultural emblems received more attention. Furthermore, in Google, popular species attracted more attention over time, opposite to the trend in Wikipedia. In Google, interest in species with short bloom duration exhibited more pronounced seasonal patterns, whereas in Wikipedia, seasonality of interest increased as bloom duration increased. Together, our results suggest that people's digital interactions with nature may be inherently different depending on the sources explored, which may affect use of this information for conservation. Although culturomics holds much promise, better understanding of its underpinnings is important when translating insights into conservation actions.     

环境条件对三峡库区消落带土壤中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯向上覆水静态迁移释放的影响

为了解消落带土壤有机污染物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的环境行为,采用静态淹水法研究了三峡库区消落带土壤向上覆水迁移释放规律以及上覆水温度、光照、含氧量等外界环境条件对其影响.结果表明,消落带土壤中DBP在淹水前期由土壤向上覆水中迁移释放,该过程分为短暂但是释放速率较快的快速释放阶段和释放时间较长但释放速率较慢的慢速释放阶段,其中慢释放是主要控速步骤,此过程可以很好地用二室一级动力模型拟合.在淹水中期释放达到最大值,继续淹水后,释放到水体中的DBP转而由水体向土壤中迁移,最终在淹水后期上覆水DBP含量达到平衡状态.随着温度的升高,DBP向上覆水释放的强度增大,同时增加了DBP快速释放的速率,降低了慢速释放速率.不同光源照射下,DBP向水体释放浓度不同,采用自然光照的处理中上覆水DBP的浓度高于采用UVB、UVA光源处理;DBP在上覆水达到最大浓度后,UVB、UVA处理中上覆水DBP含量减少比较快速,而自然光处理相对要缓慢.上覆水中的含氧量对DBP的最大释放量与达到最大释放的时间有影响,总体上来看,上覆水中含氧量越高,上覆水DBP含量越高;上覆水高氧处理和低氧气处理,上覆水中DBP最大浓度提前至淹水第8d出现,自然状态下DBP在淹水第12 d达到最大值.土壤中共存的邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)对DBP的释放有明显影响:在淹水第4~12 d,添加DEHP组分试验的DBP释放量要明显大于单一组分的DBP释放量,而且快、慢释放速率均要比单一DBP组分处理的大.微生物活性对消落带土壤淹水过程中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯迁移释放存在一定的影响但效果并不明显,添加微生物活性抑制剂处理后DBP的迁移量要略小于对照组.     

方解石/氯磷灰石混合物添加对水体内源磷迁移转化的调控效应和机制

阐明方解石/氯磷灰石混合物添加对内源磷迁移转化的调控效应与机制,对于其实际应用至关重要.为此,本文采用氯化钙和磷酸钠制备得到氯磷灰石,再与天然方解石进行混合,形成氯磷灰石和方解石的混合物,然后通过批量吸附实验考察了该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除作用,再通过底泥培养实验考察了该混合物添加对底泥中磷迁移转化的影响.结果表明,该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除能力明显强于单纯的方解石和氯磷灰石;该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除动力学过程较好地符合准二级和Elovich动力学模型;增加方解石和氯磷灰石的投加量均有利于该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除;溶液共存钙离子促进了该混合物对水中磷酸盐的去除.该混合物的添加可以有效控制底泥中磷向上覆水体的释放,导致上覆水中的溶解性活性磷(SRP)浓度处于相对较低的水平.此外,该混合物添加还可以降低间隙水中SRP的浓度,其对间隙水中SRP的削减作用对其调控底泥中磷向上覆水体的迁移转化起到重要的作用.该混合物添加虽然会增加底泥中磷的含量,但所增加的磷主要是以稳定的钙磷形式存在,发生二次污染的风险低.结果显示,方解石/氯磷灰石混合物可以作为底泥改良材料用于水体内源磷释放的控制.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱／质谱法测定水中25种挥发性有机物研究

建立了吹扫捕集与气相色谱／质谱联用测定水中25种挥发性有机物的分析方法。该方法的加标回收率在90％-119％之间,响应因子（RF）的相对标准偏差均小于20％,检出限在0．04μg／L-0．22μg／L之间。该方法具有简单、快速、准确、灵敏,无其他有机物的污染等优点,适用于地表水、地下水和饮用水中挥发性有机物的测定,结果令人满意。     

青海湖湖水性质、颗粒物沉积通量季节和年际变化——来自沉积物捕获器的研究

本文通过在青海湖南盆沉积中心试验性放置的Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器所收集到的为期15个月的自然沉降颗粒物,分析了颗粒物沉积通量和物质组成,结合温盐传感器（CTD）所记录湖水参数数据的分析,讨论了青海湖上部10 m左右湖水中所发生沉积作用的季节与年际变化特征及其与环境参数的相互关系。结果表明,采集期间所沉降的总颗粒物具有显著季节和年际变化特征,其平均年沉降通量为112 g·m^-2·yr^-1,其组成主要是自生碳酸盐（高Mg方解石、文石）、生物壳体（介形虫、硅藻等）等内生作用形成的物质,以及少量的碎屑矿物。与实时监测的湖水参数比较表明,具有显著季节和年际变化的青海湖内生物质通量变化主要受控于夏季温度的变化。其沉积机制为：湖水温度的升高,有利于高Mg方解石和文石等自生矿物从碳酸盐过饱和的碱性湖水中结晶沉淀（盐度降低）,也有利于藻类和介形虫等微体生物大量繁殖,表现为温度偏高的2010年比2011年具有较低的湖水盐度和高得多的沉积通量。因此,青海湖自生碳酸盐沉淀通量可以用来反映湖水盐度和/或温度的变化,尽管这些内生作用形成的物质可能只约占到湖底沉积物的5%~20%。为更全面地了解青海湖现代沉积过程,有必要在更多点位、不同的深度进行长期放置捕获器和实时监测湖水参数变化。     

吹扫捕集气质联用法测定水中4种挥发性有机物

建立了吹扫捕集气相色谱质谱联用法测定水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油的方法,对吹扫时间进行了优化,研究了pH值对吹扫捕集率的影响。结果表明,在pH值为6¹0时,吹扫时间为11 min时吹扫捕集效率最高,用脉冲控制自动进标样的方法绘制工作曲线,曲线相关系数在0.99610时,吹扫时间为11 min时吹扫捕集效率最高,用脉冲控制自动进标样的方法绘制工作曲线,曲线相关系数在0.996⁰.999 9之间,方法的检出限在0.060.999 9之间,方法的检出限在0.06¹.0μg/L之间,相对标准偏差在1.1%1.0μg/L之间,相对标准偏差在1.1%⁶.2%之间,方法具有很好的线性和精密度。方法用于地表水、生活污水和化工废水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油测定,并进行了加标回收实验,地表水回收率在86.8%6.2%之间,方法具有很好的线性和精密度。方法用于地表水、生活污水和化工废水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油测定,并进行了加标回收实验,地表水回收率在86.8%¹12.1%之间,生活污水回收率在91.9%112.1%之间,生活污水回收率在91.9%⁹9%之间,废水回收率在82.2%～104.3%之间,表明方法具很好的准确度,可用于地表水、生活污水和化工废水中吡啶、丙烯腈、四乙基铅和松节油测定。     

南四湖内源氮磷释放的对比研究

采用柱状沉积物采样器和Peeper间隙水采集器分别于2011年8月获取南四湖不同湖区原位柱状沉积物和间隙水,通过原柱样静态释放实验及间隙水分子扩散模型对其氮磷释放规律进行了研究.结果表明,南四湖不同湖区夏季氮磷界面交换速率差异显著,静态释放实验沉积物NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放速率分别为3.1～10.3 mg·m-2· d-1和0.3～2.7mg·m-2· d-1,总体呈北高南低的趋势,南阳湖明显大于其他各湖区,这与其距离济宁市区较近,沉积物受污染较重有关.Peeper法与离心法分别获取不同湖区间隙水,利用分子扩散模型计算出NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放速率分别为3.69～4.51 mg·m--2·d-1、0.24 ～0.66 mg·m-2·d-1和2.54～4.16 mg·m-2·d-1、0.04～0.51 mg·m-2·d-1,同一采样点,Peeper法计算出释放速率比传统离心法高出约20％.通过静态释放实验获得的NH4+-N和PO43--P释放速率(R)在空间分布上与间隙水分子扩散模型计算出的结果相一致,但前者明显大于后者,将其进行比较,氮和磷的R/F值分别为0.84 ～2.64和2.03 ～13.79,表明原柱样静态模拟实验进行内源释放速率估算时,可能比分子扩散模型法计算的结果更接近于实际情况.     

新型缓释尿素对削减温室气体、NH3排放和淋溶作用的研究

温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)和NH₃的排放及水体污染带来的环境问题日益突出,其中,化肥的施用等农业排放是重要来源之一.本实验评价了新型缓释化肥对温室气体排放和水体污染的影响,采用密闭箱法,在饱和田间持水量(WFPS) 60%的条件下,检测恒温(23℃)环境中土壤温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)和NH₃挥发.结果表明,30 d内缓释尿素组比普通尿素组释放的CO₂、CH₄、N₂O平均排放通量分别降低24.69%、3.01%、26.75%,NH₃排放量减少24.36%;模拟降雨条件的淋溶实验(15 d)显示,缓释尿素组的淋失率明显低于普通尿素组,总氮减少6.97%,尿素氮减少4.75%,缓释尿素和普通尿素组淋出水样中尿素氮和总氮量所占比重均在淋溶第1 d最大,缓释尿素组尿素氮和总氮量分别为36.1%和41.23%,普通尿素组尿素氮和总氮量分别为48.7%和72.4%.结果表明,缓释尿素较普通尿素在消减温室气体排放和氨排放有明显的效果.