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<正>Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment,Print ISSN 1004-2857,Online ISSN 2325-4262,Volume 11,2013.Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment(www.tandfonline.com/tpre)is a peer-reviewed journal published in March,June,September,and December by TaylorFrancis,4 Park Square,Milton Park,Abingdon,Oxon,OX14 4RN,UK.     

Carbon price impacts on sector cost: based on an input–output model of Beijing

Under the pressure of sustained growth in energy consumption in China, the implementation of a carbon pricing mechanism is an effective economic policy measure for promoting emission reduction, as well as a hotspot of research among scholars and policy makers. In this paper, the effects of carbon prices on Beijing’s economy are analyzed using input–output tables. The carbon price costs are levied in accordance with the products’ embodied carbon emission. By calculation, given the carbon price rate of 10 RMB/t-CO₂, the total carbon costs of Beijing account for approximately 0.22–0.40% of its gross revenue the same year. Among all industries, construction bears the largest carbon cost. Among export sectors, the coal mining and washing industry has much higher export carbon price intensity than other industries. Apart from traditional energy-intensive industries, tertiary industry, which accounts for more than 70% of Beijing’s economy, also bears a major carbon cost because of its large economic size. However, from 2007 to 2010, adjustment of the investment structure has reduced the emission intensity in investment sectors, contributing to the reduction of overall emissions and carbon price intensity.     

Decomposition of factors influencing carbon emissions in the region of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei,based on the perspective of terminal energy consumption

In order to analyze the factors influencing carbon emissions in the region of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and to explore the pathways to developing a low-carbon economy, this paper begins with the terminal energy consumption of three industries and residential consumption, and constructs an identical equation which is composed of population size, level of economic development, energy intensity, the proportion of energy consumption, energy structure, and the coefficient of carbon emissions. Based on the data of terminal energy consumption during 2000–2012, various factors are analyzed and their contribution is measured by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI). The results show that the levels of population and economy have a positive driving effect while energy intensity, energy structure, and carbon intensity have a negative driving effect; the proportion of energy consumption had a negative driving effect prior to 2006, then changed to positive. Among suggestions for a low-carbon economy are controlling population size, improving the quality of economic development, supporting research into new energy technology, accelerating regional integration and optimizing industrial structure, and enhancing environmental protection and spreading the concept of a low-carbon economy.     

Finite Element Analysis of Knee Injury Risks in Car-to-Pedestrian Impacts

In vehicle–pedestrian collisions, lower extremities of pedestrians are frequently injured by vehicle front structures. In this study, a finite element (FE) model of THUMS (total human model for safety) was modified in order to assess injuries to a pedestrian lower extremity. Dynamic impact responses of the knee joint of the FE model were validated on the basis of data from the literature. Since in real-world accidents, the vehicle bumper can impact the lower extremities in various situations, the relations between lower extremity injury risk and impact conditions, such as between impact location, angle, and impactor stiffness, were analyzed. The FE simulation demonstrated that the motion of the lower extremity may be classified into a contact effect of the impactor and an inertia effect from a thigh or leg. In the contact phase, the stress of the bone is high in the area contacted by the impactor, which can cause fracture. Thus, in this phase the impactor stiffness affects the fracture risk of bone. In the inertia phase, the behavior of the lower extremity depends on the impact locations and angles, and the knee ligament forces become high according to the lower extremity behavior. The force of the collateral ligament is high compared with other knee ligaments, due to knee valgus motions in vehicle-pedestrian collisions.     

液化石油气泄漏规律的研究

通过对国内外液化石油气重大事故的分析提出事故泄放型,并结合生产、储存现场调查提出潜在事故泄放型,从而找出液化石油气泄漏规律,建立液化气泄漏源模式。     

毒气泄漏事故避难场所避难效果分析

有毒气体泄漏时,疏散和就地避难都是保护人员安全的有效行动。当疏散行动无效时,此时可考虑进行就地避难,应急决策者必须准确认识就地避难的可靠性。文中模拟分析了渗透吸附作用、换气次数、避难室空间体积、有效吸附面积对避难室内浓度的影响。结果表明,渗透吸附作用的存在明显降低了室内浓度,且强度越大浓度越低;换气次数越小,浓度越低;避难室空间越大,浓度越低,但影响不明显;吸附面积与空间体积之比越大,浓度下降越明显;毒负荷指数越大,规定暴露时间内避难室内毒负荷上升越缓慢。最后确定了特定场景下避难室最佳换气次数。     

Visible light sensitive activated carbon-metal oxide (TiO2, WO3, NiO,and SnO) nano-catalysts for photo-degradation of methylene blue: a comparative study

Four composites of metal oxide doped with activated carbon with a metal oxide weight of 20% were prepared using mechano-mixing method. The nano-catalysts were characterized by N₂-adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-diffuse reflectance, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Photo-catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under UV 254 nm and visible light was examined. In general, prepared catalysts are more active for degradation of dye under visible light than UV, reaching 96% within 180?min irradiation using the SnO catalyst. Photo-degradation of methylene blue followed pseudo first order reaction mechanism with a rate constant of 14.8?×?10^?3?min^?1, and the time required for removal of 50% of dye was 47?min.     

国土空间规划管制与区域经济协调发展研究—一个分析框架

厘清国土空间规划管制与区域经济协调发展之间的关系,是我国国土空间规划管制有效开展的重要前提。论文主要结合国内外最新的实证研究文献,在国土空间规划管制对区域经济协调发展影响的“表现形式—作用机理—协调机制”这一逻辑框架下,分析了国土空间规划管制与区域经济协调发展的关联机理。研究结果表明：1）国土空间规划管制影响区域经济协调发展主要表现在发展受限制区域的土地产权受到抑制和资源环境保护的外部性未能有效地内在化;2）国土空间规划管制影响区域经济协调发展的作用机制在于保护型区域生产的生态产品可贸易性较差,使其落入比较优势陷阱;3）国土空间规划管制下的区域经济协调机制主要包括土地发展权漂移、税费调节和地役权保护。从理论和实践上来看,空间规划管制从诞生起,就面临效率的争议,但在资源环境保护的巨大压力之下,国土空间规划管制在实践层面又非不可调和,关键在于区域经济协调机制的设计。这对我国在建立“多规合一”的国土空间规划体系的时代背景下,为避免新的区域经济协调发展问题具有重要的政策含义。     

缅甸皎漂农村地区饮用水源地土壤金属释放特征及水质安全策略

缅甸皎漂农村地区以水塘水为主要饮用水水源,此类水源普遍存在金属离子超标的问题.针对该问题,选取拟新建水塘选址地内不同深度的土壤样品,并对其进行理化指标、金属含量测定,同时对其进行浸泡及金属元素赋存形态提取实验.结果表明,土壤中除Ni元素含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值外,其他金属元素含量均低于筛选值,且在垂直尺度空间上分布较均匀.通过浸泡实验发现,不同土层的浸泡液中Al、Fe、Mn、Ni元素浓度均超过了我国饮用水标准,其中,中层土（1.2~2.4 m）释放的金属离子浓度最高,释放速率最快,而深层土（>2.4 m）释放的Al、Fe、Ni离子较少.比较浸泡前后金属赋存形态发现,不同深度土壤中金属离子的释放与弱酸态、可氧化态含量变化有关,深层土中弱酸态Al、Fe、Ni释放量较少,同时通过弱酸态、可氧化态释放的金属离子被铁锰氧化物大量吸附转化为可还原态,所以其释放量低于浅层土（0~1.2 m）和中层土.Mn主要以弱酸态和可氧化态赋存于不同深度的土壤中,因此具有较高的迁移性.本文提出了以释放金属离子少的深层土作为水塘内壁的分质用土方案,以减少饮用水源金属离子释放风险,保障皎漂农村地区饮用水安全,并可为其他有类似饮用水问题的国家和地区提供参考.     

含氧氢气钢瓶释放过程危险性分析及处置

针对一起空气误充入氢气钢瓶而导致使用时发生多起爆炸的事故,详细分析了氢氧混合气钢瓶在释放过程中的主要危险性,对释放过程中最可能存在的点火源即静电的产生机理及静电的放电条件进行了详细的论述,应用TNT当量法对可能发生的氢气钢瓶爆炸事故的破坏强度进行了估算。针对爆炸事故的高危险性,制定了以电机作为开阀动力的远距离放空方案,并提出了接地、洒水增湿等预防静电产生的有效措施,综合考虑冲击波超压伤害和人员操作的方便,确定了合理的安全操作距离,为防止爆炸产生的碎片对周围人员、建筑的伤害,在释放场所周围及人员操作场所设置了沙包墙作为防爆掩体。