锆、镧和镧锆改性沸石添加控制底泥磷释放的对比

本研究采用镧和锆作为改性剂制备了3种不同类型的改性沸石,即锆改性沸石(Zr MZ)、镧改性沸石(La MZ)和镧锆改性沸石(La Zr MZ),对比考察了其对水中磷酸盐的吸附作用,并对比研究了其添加对上覆水、间隙水和底泥中磷的影响.结果发现,3种改性沸石均可有效地吸附水中的磷酸盐,且La Zr MZ对水中磷酸盐的吸附性能明显优于La MZ和Zr MZ. 3种改性沸石添加均可有效地降低上覆水和间隙水中SRP的浓度.La MZ对底泥中潜在活性磷的钝化效果优于La Zr MZ,而后者又优于Zr MZ. 3种改性沸石添加均可以降低底泥中水溶性磷(WSP)、藻类可利用磷(AA-P)和铁氧化物-滤纸提取磷(Fe O-P)的含量,WSP和AA-P削减效应的排序为:La MZ La Zr MZ Zr MZ,Fe O-P削减效应的排序为:La Zr MZ Zr MZ La MZ. La Zr MZ和La MZ添加均可以降低底泥中易解吸磷(RDP)的含量,且削减效应的排序为:La MZ La Zr MZ. La Zr MZ和Zr MZ添加均可以降低底泥中Na HCO_3提取磷(Olsen-P)的含量,且削减效应的排序为:La Zr MZ Zr MZ.以上结果显示,镧、锆和镧锆改性沸石均可以有效控制水体内源磷向上覆水的释放;从吸附容量和生物可利性磷钝化效果看,镧锆联合改性沸石是一种非常有希望的用于控制水体内源磷释放的底泥改良材料.     

三峡库区消落带淹水—落干过程土壤磷吸附—解吸及释放研究

选取三峡库区消落带典型区土壤作为测试土壤，研究了淹水—落干对土壤磷的等温吸附解吸特性，以及土壤吸附一定的磷后再次淹水向上覆水体释磷的规律。研究表明：①三峡库区消落带土壤淹水—落干后吸磷能力增强，由淹水—落干前的256 mg/kg增加到淹水—落干后的625 mg/kg，磷零点吸持平衡浓度（EPC0）由淹水前的0.46 mg/L增加到淹水后的1.47 mg/L；②淹水—落干处理后土壤磷的解吸率降低，由淹水—落干前的73.3%~80.3%降低到67.3%~69.6%；③三峡库区消落带土壤吸附一定磷后，再淹水磷会再次逐渐释放到上覆水当中，且土壤吸附外源磷越多，磷淹水释放强度越大；④ 淹水—落干使吸附一定外源性磷的土壤淹水条件下释放更多的磷。     

Trace element atmospheric pollution in South Albania studied by the moss technique and inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry

Monitoring hazardous air pollutants is needed for understanding their spatial and temporal distribution and ultimately to minimize their harmful effects. For the first time, the moss biomonitoring technique has been applied to air pollution monitoring in South Albania. Moss samples were collected during the period of September–October 2010, and were analyzed for total concentration of the elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Geographical distribution maps of the elements over the sampled territory were constructed using geographic information systems technology. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to distinguish elements mainly of anthropogenic origin from those predominantly originating from natural sources. Four factors were identified: Factor 1 reflects wind-blown mineral particles or local emissions from industry (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn); Factor 2 is related to long-range atmospheric transport of elements or local emissions from industry (Cd, Pb); Factor 3 (Na, Mg) and Factor 4 (K) reflect the natural origin of elements as crustal, marine, and vegetation components.     

Public opinion on climate change: Is there an economy–environment tradeoff?

Does the state of the economy condition public concern for the environment? Scholars have long argued that environmental preferences decline during economic downturns as individuals prioritize short-term economic needs over longer-term environmental concerns. Yet, this assumption has rarely been subjected to rigorous empirical scrutiny at the individual level. The presumed link between economic and environmental preferences is revisited, using the first individual-level opinion panel (n = 1043) of US climate attitudes, incorporating both self-reported and objective economic data. In contrast with prior studies that emphasize the role of economic downturns in driving environmental preference shifts, using a stronger identification strategy, there is little evidence that changes in either individual economic fortunes or local economic conditions are associated with decreased belief that climate change is happening or reduced prioritization of climate policy action. Instead, the evidence suggests that climate belief declines are associated with shifting political cues. These findings have important implications for understanding the dynamics of political conflict over environmental policy globally.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法测定土壤中四乙基铅

文章系统研究了土壤中四乙基铅的吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱测定方法,优化了吹扫捕集前处理条件参数。结果表明,吹扫时间13 min、吹扫温度60℃,脱附温度190℃,脱附时间1 min为最佳的吹扫捕集方法参数。校正曲线的线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999,方法检出限为0.3 μg/kg。采用该方法测定农田、公路两侧、加油站附近等3种不同类型的土壤样品并进行了加标回收实验,回收率范围为81.5%~108%。     

太湖沉积物磷形态及pH值对磷释放的影响

对太湖不同营养水平和不同特征的 4 种沉积物的总磷、磷形态、粒径组成、化学组成进行了分析,模拟研究了不同 pH 值对上覆水体中总溶解性磷和溶解性活性磷含量的影响.结果表明,太湖沉积物样品总磷含量在 336.1～3408.01mg/kg,属于中富营养化到极富营养化水平.pH 值是影响磷释放的重要因素,碱性条件下,促进NaOH-P 的释放;酸性条件下,促进 HCl-P的释放.严重富营养化湖区沉积物的磷主要由无机磷组成,其中主要是 NaOH-P,该区中 pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加,而 pH值下降对磷释放量的影响较小.中富营养化湖区沉积物的无机磷组成中,部分湖区 NaOH-P 含量高,部分湖区 HCl-P 含量高,所以该区中 pH 值变化对沉积物磷释放的影响,由于 NaOH-P 和HCl-P 含量不同而存在差异,NaOH-P含量较高,pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加;HCl-P 含量较高,pH值下降会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加.     

深圳市显著排放VOCs的园林植物调查与分析

对深圳地区的主要园林树种、地带性植被的代表种共计158种植物释放的生物源的挥发性有机物（biogenic volatileorganic compounds,BVOCs）采用流动式、封闭式采样法采样,运至美国进行GC-MS分析测量.结果表明,短穗鱼尾葵（Caryotamitis）、海红豆（Adenanthera pavonina var.microsperma）、杧果（Mangifera indica）、海漆（Excoecoria agalloch）等31种植物具有释放异戊二烯的能力;另有鸡蛋果（Passiflora edulis）、小琴丝竹（Bambusa glaucescens cv.silverstripe）、山苍子（Litsea cubeba）、大型双子铁（Dioon spinulosum）等52种植物具有释放单萜烯类化合物的能力.对红树植物的测量表明,该类植物普遍具有释放单萜烯的能力.上述结果为建立深圳及周边地区的环境质量模型提供了重要数据,同时也可为我国热带亚热带城市大面积绿化以及经济林、生态林和防护林等的树种选择提供参考.     

UV-B辐射对亚热带森林凋落叶氮、磷元素释放的影响

UV-B辐射对凋落物分解过程的影响已成为全球变化生态学研究中的前沿和热点问题之一.采用分解袋法对自然和UV-B辐射滤减两种环境下亚热带6种代表性树种(杉木、马尾松、木荷、香樟、青冈和甜槠)凋落叶氮、磷元素的释放动态进行了研究.结果表明,凋落叶氮元素的动态表现为直接富集、释放-富集和释放-富集-释放3种模式,磷元素的动态表现为直接释放、富集-释放-富集和无明显变化3种模式.与对照相比,UV-B辐射滤减显著延缓了甜槠凋落叶氮元素及青冈和甜槠凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),但促进了香樟凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),对其他树种凋落叶的氮或磷释放无显著影响.凋落叶的初始氮含量和C/N比值不能解释氮释放动态,C/P比值可以部分解释磷的释放.全球环境变化背景下UV-B辐射在湿润亚热带地区森林生态系统过程中的作用尚需进一步认识和理解.     

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of a Fe3O4–AgCl nanocomposite against Escherichia coli

In this investigation, Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared by the alkalinization of an aqueous medium containing ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride. In the next step, a Fe₃O₄–AgCl magnetic nanocomposite was fabricated by the drop-by-drop addition of silver nitrate solution into a NaCl solution containing Fe₃O₄ MNPs. All prepared nanoparticles were characterized by transition electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Both particle types varied in size from 2.5 to 20?nm, with an average size of 7.5?nm for Fe₃O₄ MNPs and 12.5?nm for Fe₃O₄–AgCl nanocomposites. The antibacterial effect of the Fe₃O₄ MNPs and fabricated Fe₃O₄–AgCl nanocomposites against Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) were investigated by conventional serial agar dilution method using the Müller–Hinton Agar medium. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 4?mg?mL^?1 for Fe₃O₄ MNPs and 2?mg?mL^?1 for the Fe₃O₄–AgCl magnetic nanocomposites. Time-kill course assays showed that the Fe₃O₄–AgCl magnetic nanocomposites successfully killed all inoculated bacterial cells during an exposure time of 60?min. The antibacterial activity of recycled Fe₃O₄–AgCl magnetic nanocomposites over four 60?min cycles of antibacterial treatment was further tested against E. coli by the colony-forming unit (CFU) method. The antibacterial efficiency of the nanocomposites was constant over two cycles of antibacterial testing.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱/冷原子荧光法联用测定地表水中甲基汞研究

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱/冷原子荧光联用测定地表水中甲基汞的方法,具体方法:水样乙基化后转化为易挥发的甲基乙基汞,在线吹扫捕集至Tenax管,在高纯Ar作载气时加热使Tenax捕集管中各种形态的Hg热脱附,进入GC柱分离,在700℃~900℃高温下热解还原为元素汞(Hg0),进入冷原子荧光检测器进行检测.方法检出限为0.08 pg(若水样为40 mL,检出限为0.002 ng/L),相关系数可达0.9999.对不同来源的地表水进行分析,精密度<10%,加标回收率在83.4%~105%,具有操作简单、快速、灵敏度高,满足环境监测要求.