三角帆蚌对白洋淀底泥氮磷释放及微生物的影响探究

为了解三角帆蚌对白洋淀底泥的影响,以白洋淀淀区水和底泥为试验材料,通过室内模拟试验并结合16S rRNA高通量测序技术,考察了三角帆蚌的活动对底泥氮、磷释放以及微生物丰度和多样性的影响.结果表明:①三角帆蚌的生物扰动作用显著提高了底泥氮、磷的释放,上覆水中TN、NH₃-N和TP浓度分别提高了0.18、1.1和1.2倍,颗粒态NH₃-N和可溶性磷浓度的增加是上覆水中NH₃-N、TP浓度增加的主要来源.②三角帆蚌的生物扰动作用轻微提高了上覆水中COD_Cr的浓度（P < 0.05）,并降低了底泥中全氮、全磷的含量,将底泥中全氮、全磷的削减率分别提高了26.0%和10.9%,底泥氮、磷释放规律的不同是导致全氮削减率高于全磷的主要原因.③三角帆蚌的活动可显著降低水中蓝细菌的数量,为其他微生物提供了更多生态位,从而提高了脱氮除磷功能菌丰度和微生物多样性,但是三角帆蚌对底泥中微生物丰度和多样性影响较小.研究显示,三角帆蚌能极大地促进白洋淀底泥氮、磷释放,同时降低内源污染风险,并提高上覆水脱氮除磷功能菌丰度和微生物多样性,可依据实际情况用于白洋淀湿地修复中.      

纳米银对聚磷菌吸磷和释磷的影响及毒性效应

利用硼氢化钠还原硝酸银,并使用聚乙烯醇（PVA）作为分散剂,制备出分散良好、粒径为（14±3）nm的纳米银颗粒,考察了其对聚磷菌（Microlunatus phosphovorus）好氧吸磷和厌氧释磷的影响,以及产生的毒性效应.结果表明,在好氧状态下,7mg/L的纳米银能够完全抑制聚磷菌的生长（P <0.01）,达到10mg/L时才能完全抑制聚磷菌的吸磷能力（P=0.01）;在厌氧状态下,大于20mg/L的纳米银才使聚磷菌释磷能力受到部分抑制（P <0.05）.活性氧簇（ROS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的检测结果表明,纳米银使细菌体内ROS水平降低,部分细菌菌体表面塌陷,这说明,纳米银不但可以毒害聚磷菌菌体表面,还可以降低菌内ROS水平.     

湘江沉积物重金属生态风险及释放通量研究

以湘江石峰大桥至马家河大桥区段的湘江沉积物作为研究对象,通过采集该区段表层沉积物样品,利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）和原子吸收分光光度计测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Mn、As和Hg的含量和赋存形态.结果表明,Cd和As的平均含量均超过土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995）三级标准限值,Mn平均含量超过我国土壤元素背景值（583mg/kg）.采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价沉积物中重金属生态风险,表明5个采样点中有4个采样点潜在生态危害综合指数均超过600,属于很强生态危害程度.最后通过连续实验研究了不同流速、不同pH值对沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd以及Mn释放规律的影响,结果表明,增大水流速度、降低上覆水体pH值均可促进沉积物中重金属的释放,实验还发现4种重金属的释放通量都比较小,其中释放通量最大的Mn为7.50 μg/（g·d）,沉积物中重金属向水环境的释放是一个缓慢、长期的过程.     

贫困的“物以类聚”：中国的农村空间贫困陷阱及其识别

理解贫困陷阱及其成因是理解减贫机制,进而理解贫困治理的基础。早期的实证研究注重从收入的角度研究农村贫困,较新的研究开始关注“空间外部性”对农村贫困的影响。然而,要正确识别农村的“贫困陷阱”,就需要对上述两个维度同时进行解释。鉴于此,运用中国县级层面的面板数据,从聚集与持久两个维度对中国的农村贫困陷阱进行了识别。研究结果表明：2006—2016年,中国农村的贫困空间格局几乎没有变化,并且贫困的空间分布与经济增长也并非是同步的,贫困县的分布主要与地形（坡度、海拔）因素有关;进一步研究还发现,中国的农村贫困具有持久性,贫困县收入存在低水平的均衡,贫困县与非贫困县之间存在收入的“俱乐部收敛”。本文揭示了空间外部性与农村贫困之间的关系,为正确评估经济发展与扶贫开发,合理制定区域反贫困瞄准机制提供了支持。     

燃用生物柴油对采用CRPT技术的柴油机微粒粒子数浓度和PAHs排放的影响

微粒和PAHs是柴油机排放污染物的重要组成部分,为揭示燃用生物柴油（biodiesel,下称BD）与采用CRPT（连续再生微粒捕集系统,continuous regeneration particulate traps system）技术后对柴油机排放中微粒粒子数浓度和PAHs组分质量的影响规律,利用内燃机综合测试台架对3台排量不同的柴油机进行微粒以及PAHs测试,研究不同微粒粒径对应的粒子数浓度变化规律以及PAHs各组分的质量变化规律.结果表明:①燃用BD对柴油机微粒排放中的聚集态粒子数浓度和总质量影响较大,对核态粒子数浓度影响不大,其中,聚集态粒子总质量降幅最大可达97.04%,粒子数浓度最大降幅从109 m-3降至106 m-3,而核态粒子数浓度变化不大,但粒子数比例有明显的上升,最大升幅为51.50%.②燃用BD对微粒排放中不同粒径粒子数浓度的影响导致CRPT技术条件下微粒质量捕集效率下降,最大降幅达21.10%.③PAHs总质量排放有明显下降,3台柴油机最大降幅分别为92.95%、91.78%和92.70%.但各组分呈现变化不一致现象,类似于二苯并蒽等部分组分质量下降幅度均达到100%,而和苯并蒽的质量均不降反升,其中的质量占燃用BD30后的多环芳香烃质量的50%左右.研究显示,采用"BD+CRPT"技术,柴油机微粒排放控制焦点应集中在核态微粒,PAHs排放的控制还应侧重于考虑和苯并蒽.      

Fuel cell system with sodium borohydride hydrogen generator for small unmanned aerial vehicles

A 100 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system with a sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) hydrogen generator was investigated for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The performance of a cobalt–phosphorous/nickel foam catalyst was evaluated to determine the change in catalytic activity under real operating conditions. The response time increased owing to oxidation of the metals and accumulation of sodium; however, the catalyst remained active at high reaction temperatures. A NaBH₄ hydrogen generator with the catalyst was developed for a 100 W PEMFC system. The hydrogen generation rate was stable for 3 h, and the conversion efficiency was 97.8%. Finally, a 100 W PEMFC system with the NaBH₄ hydrogen generator was investigated for small UAVs. The maximum power and energy density of the PEMFC system were 95.96 W and 185.2 Wh/kg, respectively.     

不同疏密度条件下纸堆燃烧特性研究

利用热释放速率测量平台,开展了纸堆燃烧特性的实验研究。其中纸堆体积为0.45m×0.45m×0.2m~0.45m×0.45m×0.6m,质量为0.3kg~2.7kg,疏密度为7.4kg/m3~22.2kg/m3。结果表明,当纸堆的密度变大时,纸堆的有效燃烧热值下降,未燃尽部分增多。在t平方增长火模型中,纸堆也不再总是适用于快速增长火,当纸堆疏密度变大,其火灾强度系数α减小,并拟合了疏密度与火灾强度系数的经验公式。     

Anthropometric hand dimensions in a population of Iranian male workers in 2012

Background. The mismatch between the hand size of workers and the size of industrial instruments is a growing concern; it can lead to various musculoskeletal complications. Currently, there are few reliable studies available to address this concern in Iran. This study was conducted to measure 30 upper-extremity parameters in a group of Iranian industrial workers. Methods. This study is a cross-sectional study on 529 workers. The study population was randomly selected from male Iranian industrial workers who were referred to the Yazd hospital occupational medicine clinic for surveillance evaluations. Results. The M (SD) age of the participants was 30.13 (8.29) years. Statistical analysis was performed using the mean, standard deviation and 5th, 50th and 90th percentiles for each measured hand dimension. A considerable number of dimensions were significantly different between the measurements of right and left hands in each examinee. The results showed significant differences between Iranian hand size and that of other populations. Conclusion. This study provided a valuable databank of hand dimensions in a population of Iranian male workers. These data can be used by manufacturers in designing high-quality hand-tools and industrial gloves, taking into consideration Iranian worker characteristics.     

Driver injury severity related to inclement weather at highway–rail grade crossings in the United States

Objective: Previous studies on crash modeling at highway–rail grade crossings were aimed at exploring the factors that are likely to increase the crash frequencies at highway–rail grade crossings. In recent years, modeling driver's injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings has received interest. Because there were substantial differences among different weather conditions for driver's injury severity, this study attempts to explore the impact of weather influence on driver injury at highway–rail grade crossing.

Method: Utilizing the most recent 10 years (2002–2011) of highway–rail grade crossing accident data, this study applied a mixed logit model to explore the determinants of driver injury severity under different weather conditions at highway–rail grade crossing.

Results: Analysis results indicate that drivers' injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings is strongly different for different weather conditions. It was found that the factors significantly impacting driver injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings include motor vehicle speed, train speed, driver's age, gender, area type, lighting condition, highway pavement, traffic volume, and time of day.

Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that crashes are more prevalent if vehicle drivers are driving at high speed or the oncoming trains are high speed. Hence, a reduction in speed limit during inclement weather conditions could be particularly effective in moderating injury severity, allowing more reaction time for last-minute maneuvering and braking in moments before impacts. In addition, inclement weather-related crashes were more likely to occur in open areas and highway–rail grade crossings without pavement and lighting. Paved highway–rail grade crossings with installation of lights could be particularly effective in moderating injury severity.     

磷灰石-零价铁对底泥铜、铅释放的抑制效果及机理研究

以磷灰石-零价铁作为添加物,强化混凝应急处置Cu、Pb污染河道水体,并模拟构建产生沉积物,通过静态释放实验方式,研究了其对沉积物中Cu、Pb释放的影响和机理.结果表明:磷灰石复合零价铁介入应急混凝处置显著减少了沉积物中Cu、Pb的释放;45 d释放实验后,与对照组相比,添加磷灰石复合零价铁的沉积物中,Cu和Pb从生物有效性高的酸可提取态向生物有效性相对较低的可还原态、可氧化态、残渣态转化.投加磷灰石复合零价铁有利于应急混凝处置重金属产生沉积物的稳定,且零价铁掺杂比例越高,效果越好.