几种低分子量有机酸对红壤中DDTs类物质释放动力学的影响

采用自行设计的动力学试验装置,系统研究了3种低分子量有机酸(草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸)和水对红壤中滴滴涕(DDTs)类物质的释放动力学行为.结果表明:10 mmol/L的低分子量有机酸可使DDTs类物质的释放百分率相对于水提高15～18个百分点,特别在淋洗液的前250mL更为明显.水对DDTs类物质的释放动力学数据可用表观一级动力学方程很好拟合(R²>0.99,p<0.000 1),说明DDTs的释放可能以土壤矿物表面扩散为主,而有机酸存在体系中的该类物质的释放却更好符合抛物线方程、双常数方程,说明低分子量有机酸的存在使DDTs的释放机理复杂化,这可能与有机酸对矿物的溶解、对矿物表面固有有机质结构的干扰有关.     

陕西红碱淖湖泊表层底泥磷形态研究

磷是一种重要的生命必需元素,其与氮都是引起水体富营养化的重要元素。红碱淖是中国最大的沙漠淡水湖,在区域生态系统中的功能十分显著。采用连续提取法对陕西红碱淖湖泊表层沉积物磷形态进行分析,得到弱吸附态磷(NH₄Cl-P)、铁锰螯合态磷(BD-P)、铁铝氧化态磷(NaOH-P)、钙磷(HCl-P)、惰性磷(Res-P)五种磷形态。结果表明：总体上,红碱淖表层底泥磷向水体释放的风险较低,但在湖泊水体pH值上升背景下,一些碱溶解磷(如NaOH-P)向湖泊水体释放的风险可能增加。五种形态磷在全湖的空间分布表明：NH₄Cl-P与BD-P呈现大致相似的特征,NaOH-P主要在湖泊南岸附近富集,HCl-P和Res-P呈大致相反的变化趋势,总磷(TP)在全湖近乎均匀分布。与国内典型湖泊沉积物的对比显示：红碱淖表层底泥无论是总磷还是活泼磷均处于较低水平,也说明该湖泊表层底泥磷向水体释放的风险相对较低。     

Iron stability in drinking water distribution systems in a city of China

A field study on the estimation and analysis of iron stability in drinking water distribution system was carried out in a city of China. The stability of iron ion was estimated by pC-pH figure. It was found that iron ion was unstable, with a high Fe （OH）3 precipitation tendency and obvious increase in turbidity. The outer layer of the corrosion scale was compact, while the inner core was porous. The main composition of the scale was iron, and the possible compound constitutes of the outer scale were α-FeOH, γ-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3, γ-F2O3, FeCl3, while the inner were Fe3O4, FeCl2, FeCO3. According to the characteristics of the corrosion scale, it was thought that the main reason for iron instability was iron release from corrosion scale. Many factors such as pipe materials, dissolved oxygen and chlorine residual affect iron release. Generally, higher iron release occurred with lower dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration, while lower iron release occurred with higher dissolved oxygen or chlorine residual concentration. The reason was considered that the passivated out layer of scale of ferric oxide was broken down by reductive reaction in a condition of low oxidants concentration, which would result more rapid corrosion of the nine and red water phenomenon.     

稳定塘中氧传递规律研究

在稳定塘污水处理过程中,氧是有机物好氧分解的重要组成部分,稳定塘中氧的来源有藻类光合放氧和大气复氧。本研究通过有光无光对比试验、大气复氧试验及对实际稳定塘中运行数据进行总结研究,定量分析藻类光合产氧和大气复氧量,计算在稳定塘中有机物的总去除量中各部分所占的比例,确定出大气复氧是稳定塘中氧传递的主要方式。      

Climate change and urban land systems: bridging the gaps between urbanism and land science

ABSTRACT

Land science has generated critical knowledge about how humans modify Earth’s surface and has advanced our understanding of land as a coupled human–environment system. However, to date, most work has been in frontier environments with less attention – both conceptually and empirically – on how urban land systems affect the carbon cycle. Much of what is known about urban areas and the carbon cycle is limited to aggregate levels of activities within urban areas, usually by sector, with little focus on how the spatial configuration of urban land systems affects carbon-emitting activities. Given that urban areas produce about 70% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions, it is crucial to understand the relationship between urban environments, the activities they influence, and the resulting carbon emissions. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of how urban land systems affect carbon emissions and vulnerability, and identifies research gaps and opportunities for urban land science to contribute to climate change science, particularly through land architecture. We argue that more attention to urban land science conceptualization, measurement, and analysis would contribute to both fundamental knowledge about urban systems, as well as help identify policies and strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change at the urban scale.     

煤矿安全技术及装备网站建设的技术实现与展望

针对煤炭系统安全装备信息开发利用技术落后、信息匮乏、信息交流困难的现状 ,提出建设煤矿安全技术及装备 WWW网站的设想 ,并利用 Cold Fusion和 SQL Server完成煤矿安全技术及装备 WWW网站建设。笔者对网站的用户管理和信息动态发布两个关键技术的实现作详细介绍 ;并指出信息量及信息范围的扩大、安全技术 BBS论坛、煤矿安全设备电子商务将是今后网站的主要发展方向     

含铊黄铁矿冶炼废渣在自然淋滤过程中铊的迁移与释放

重点研究了自然淋滤过程中广东某大型硫酸厂含铊黄铁矿冶炼废渣(沉灰渣)中有毒有害重金属元素Tl向周围环境的迁移释放能力及其影响因素.研究表明:自然淋滤作用下,沉灰渣中Tl污染物的迁移释放能力很强;沉灰渣中Tl的赋存形态是控制其迁移释放能力大小的内在因素和首要因素,而淋滤液pH和沉灰渣矿物组成是控制沉灰渣中Tl迁移释放能力大小的外在因素和次要因素.不同结合形式的Tl在沉灰渣中的迁移释放能力明显不同,释放强弱顺序为:酸可交换方式吸附在废渣中的Tl>铁锰氧化物结合态的Tl>硫化物和硅酸盐矿物结合态的Tl.      

模拟酸雨对红壤中铬释放的影响研究

采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨淋溶下4种红壤铬的释放特征与规律.结果表明:经过相当于9 150和10 650 mm降水量的淋溶后,与对照(pH为5.6)相比,pH为4.5的酸雨使红壤铬的累积释放量提高4.03%～88.54%,pH为3.5的酸雨使其提高6.75%～308.42%;不同红壤铬的释放量随淋溶量的变化规律较为相似,总体上表现为释放量随淋溶量的增加而缓慢上升.酸雨对红壤铬释放的促进作用一方面是由于酸雨提高了Cr(OH)₃的溶解度;另一方面是由于H+对Cr3+的竞争吸附作用、酸雨所导致的土壤溶液中离子强度增加及酸雨对土壤胶体(主要是铝和铁的氧化物及氢氧化物)的溶蚀作用而降低了Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附量.      

A new strategy for obtaining highly concentrated phosphorus recovery solution in biofilm phosphorus recovery process

Recovery of phosphorus（P） from wastewater is of great significance for alleviating the shortage of P resources. At present, the P recovery process is faced with the problem of excessive organic carbon consumption when obtaining a P-concentrated recovery solution. This study proposed a new strategy to obtain a more highly concentrated P recovery solution with minimal carbon consumption by strengthening the P storage capacity of the biofilm. A biofilm sequencing batch reactor（BSBR） process was mod...     

Diffusive wave models for operational forecasting of channel routing at continental scale

Operational forecast models require robust, computationally efficient, and reliable algorithms. We desire accurate forecasts within the limits of the uncertainties in channel geometry and roughness because the output from these algorithms leads to flood warnings and a variety of water management decisions. The current operational Water Model uses the Muskingum-Cunge method, which does not account for key hydraulic conditions such as flow hysteresis and backwater effects, limiting its ability in situations with pronounced backwater effects. This situation most commonly occurs in low-gradient rivers, near confluences and channel constrictions, coastal regions where the combined actions of tides, storm surges, and wind can cause adverse flow. These situations necessitate a more rigorous flow routing approach such as dynamic or diffusive wave approximation to simulate flow hydraulics accurately. Avoiding the dynamic wave routing due to its extreme computational cost, this work presents two diffusive wave approaches to simulate flow routing in a complex river network. This study reports a comparison of two different diffusive wave models that both use a finite difference solution solved using an implicit Crank–Nicolson (CN) scheme with second-order accuracy in both time and space. The first model applies the CN scheme over three spatial nodes and is referred to as Crank–Nicolson over Space (CNS). The second model uses the CN scheme over three temporal nodes and is referred to as Crank–Nicolson over Time (CNT). Both models can properly account for complex cross-section geometry and variable computational points spacing along the channel length. The models were tested in different watersheds representing a mixture of steep and flat topographies. Comparing model outputs against observations of discharges and water levels indicated that the models accurately predict the peak discharge, peak water level, and flooding duration. Both models are accurate and computationally stable over a broad range of hydraulic regimes. The CNS model is dependent on the Courant criteria, making it less computational efficient where short channel segments are present. The CNT model does not suffer from that constraint and is, thus, highly computationally efficient and could be more useful for operational forecast models.