吊水壶尾矿坝渗流特性三维有限元分析

本文结合工程实例,以吊水壶尾矿坝为背景,建立现状尾矿坝三维模型,利用三维有限元法反演分析现状尾矿坝的渗流场,将计算结果与勘察的浸润面对比分析,验证模型的可靠性和合理性。基于此模型建立加高后的尾矿坝三维模型,计算正常蓄水位和设计洪水位两种工况下的渗流场,分析坝体浸润面埋深、滩长、渗流坡降等,结果表明,不设排渗措施时,尾矿坝干滩长度、浸润面埋深均能满足规范要求,而且尖流性态良好,满足渗透稳定。提出该尾矿坎可通过加高工程来进行渗流控制的建议。     

人工接种堆肥和自然堆肥微生物区系与分子多态性的变化

采用传统培养方法和PCR-DGGE技术研究了人工接种堆肥和自然堆肥微生物群落的演变过程。结果表明:(1)传统培养方法显示,两种堆肥堆制过程中微生物数量均呈“升高—降低—升高—降低”变化趋势,整个堆肥过程中细菌数量占优势。(2)DGGE图谱显示,两种堆肥不同时期存在不同的细菌种群,其条带数量亦呈“升高—降低—升高—降低”变化趋势。堆肥升温期条带丰富但优势条带不明显;堆肥高温期条带数量减少但出现优势条带,表明高温阶段以嗜热菌或耐高温菌为主;堆肥降温期条带数量再次增多;堆肥腐熟期条带数量少且无优势条带,表明腐熟阶段微生物种群数量少且代谢强度趋于平缓。(3)DGGE图谱表明,人工接种菌株成为堆肥高温期优势菌株。人工接种增加了堆肥中微生物总量,提高了堆肥微生物种群多样性,并且促进了堆肥菌群演替,从而缩短堆肥腐熟时间。     

Flow Dynamics in Eccentrically Rotating Flasks Used for Dispersant Effectiveness Testing

The evaluation of dispersant effectiveness used for oil spills is commonly done using tests conducted in laboratory flasks. We used a Hot Wire Anemometer (HWA) to characterize mixing dynamics in the Swirling Flask (SF) and the Baffled Flask (BF), the latter is being considered by the EPA to replace the prior to test dispersant effectiveness in the laboratory. Five rotation speeds of the orbital shaker carrying the flasks were considered, Ω = 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 rpm. The radial and azimuthal water speeds were measured for each Ω. It was found that the flow in the SF is, in general, two-dimensional changing from horizontal at low Ω to axi-symmetric at high Ω. The flow in the BF appeared to be three-dimensional at all rotation speeds. This indicates that the BF is more suitable for representing the (inherently) 3-D flow at sea. In the SF, the speeds and energy dissipation rates ɛ increased gradually as the rotation speed increased. Those in the BF increased sharply at rotation speeds greater than 150 rpm. At 200 rpm, the Kolmogorov scale (i.e., size of smallest eddies) was about 250 and 50 μm in the SF and BF, respectively. Noting that the observed droplet sizes of dispersed oils range from 50 to 400 μm (hence most of it is less than 250 μm), one concludes that the mixing in the SF (even at 200 rpm) is not representative of the vigorous mixing occurring at sea.     

厌氧发酵过程pH对微生物多样性和产物分布的影响

采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究了不同pH条件下蔬菜类有机垃圾厌氧发酵过程中的微生物多样性,探讨了微生物群落结构与发酵产物分布的关系.Shannon指数分析表明,pH=7和pH=8时的微生物多样性较高,随时间变化规律相似,而pH=5时的微生物多样性较低.UPGMA聚类分析和PCA分析结果也表明,pH=7和pH=8时的微生物群落结构相似,pH=5与之显著不同.在不同pH条件下的优势菌属都是乳酸细菌和梭菌。微生物多样性的变化与发酵产物分布具有一定相关性,pH通过影响微生物群落结构的变化最终影响发酵产物的分布.图4表2参27     

The geographical distribution of plant latex

Summary Latex is a widespread defence in plants against natural enemies and a literature-based summary of latex-producing angiosperms shows records in 40 families, and more than 20,000 species are estimated to bear laticiferous structures of some kind. This is considerably higher than the usually quoted figure of 12,500 species. There are more tropical than temperate latex-bearing families, both in absolute numbers and proportionally. Proportions of latex-bearing families are similar both in tropical and in more widespread or cosmopolitan families. Significantly more latex-bearing species belong to tropical than either to temperate or to widespread taxa, both in absolute and in relative terms. These differences may be related to the higher diversity of natural enemy species and to higher rates of herbivory in the tropics.     

广州城郊环境梯度下马尾松针叶元素质量分数变化特征

城市化、工业化迅速发展及人类活动的加剧给城市及其周边地区森林生态系统带来前所未有的干扰和压力。植物冠层是植物与大气直接进行气体交换的界面,冠层叶组织化学分析已成为评价环境污染对森林树木健康的影响,指示环境污染的有效手段。文章以广州黄埔工业区(丹水坑风景区)、城郊接壤区(华南植物园)和近郊(帽峰山森林公园)这一环境梯度为对象,在各研究点上选定自然生长的、成熟健康的马尾松(Pinus massonianaL.)5株,分别采集树冠中部向阳枝条上的当年生(Current,C)和一年生(Current 1,C 1)针叶,然后将每组针叶区分为带叶鞘针叶、去叶鞘针叶和叶鞘3个组分进行样本制备,测定N、Al、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni元素质量分数,旨在探讨利用马尾松针叶不同组分的元素质量分数用于指示城郊梯度环境质量变化的适宜性和可靠性。研究结果表明:①当年生带叶鞘针叶中Al质量分数显著高于当年生去叶鞘针叶(p<0.05),其余元素在当年生和一年生的去叶鞘针叶与带叶鞘的完整针叶间均无显著差异;②Ni在当年生针叶及其叶鞘间没有显著差异(p<0.05),其它被测定的金属元素无论在当年生还是一年生针叶中,均表现为叶鞘中的元素质量分数均显著高于去叶鞘针叶(p<0.05),体现了针叶与叶鞘在形态结构上的差异引起重金属积累的差异;而非金属元素N质量分数则针叶显著高于叶鞘;③一年生针叶中Ni质量分数显著低于当年生针叶,但Al、Pb、Zn质量分数显著高于当年生针叶,一年生叶鞘中所有金属元素的质量分数都显著高于当年生叶鞘,表现出随暴露时间和针叶寿命的延长而持续累积的特征;而营养元素N质量分数在当年生针叶和一年生针叶以及当年生叶鞘和一年生叶鞘间无显著差异;④城乡环境梯度下生长的马尾松为研究环境质量演变提供了一个天然的实验室,受人类活动干扰大的城区马尾松一年生针叶的Cd和N质量分数及其叶鞘中的Cu、Cr、Ni质量分数显著高于受人为干扰较少的郊区,表明植物组织中元素化学特征反映了城市发展过程中人类活动的足迹。在城市环境尤其是重金属污染的监测中,成熟的一年生叶鞘更具指示意义,效果更显著。     

亚高山30a人工针叶林物种多样性的定量分析

探讨了川西地区不同海拔梯度上,30a亚高山人工针叶林乔,灌,草各层物种多样性的变化规律,并运用逐步多元回归分析方法,分析了不同立地条件下土壤因子与针叶林群落乔,灌,草各层物种多样性指数之间的关系,结果显示：30a人工针叶林灌木层和草本层多样性指数明显高于乔木层;随着海拔的升高,灌木层和草木层物种的多样性指数逐渐降低,在halt2700m处多样性最丰富,乔木物种多样性则呈现为“低→高→低”的变化趋势,符合“中间高度膨胀（mid-altitude bulge)模式,土壤因子对30a人工恢复针叶林多样性的影响主要是体现在灌木层和草本层的变化,而对乔木层物种多样性的影响不明显,土层厚度,土壤容重,石砾含量,枯枝落叶的贮量,CaO含量以及有机质的C／N比值等土壤因子与灌木层和草本层物种多样性之间存在线性相关关系,分层建立了物种数,Simpson指数,ShannonWiener指数,Menhinick指数以及Brillouin指数与相关土壤因子的回归模型。     

Biomass and carbon budgeting of sustainable agroforestry systems as ecosystem service in Indian Himalayas

Adoption of agroforestry is paramount as a climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy. The assessment of plant biomass is crucial for understanding the vulnerability of biological systems to climate change. In the present study, agroforestry systems viz., agrisilviculture (AS), agrihorticulture (AH), agrihortisilviculture (AHS) and agrisilvihorticulture (ASH) were investigated for biomass production and carbon stock in vegetation as well as in soil in the Indian central Himalaya along the elevation i.e. E₁ (<1100 m), E₂ (1100–1400 m), E₃ (1400–1700 m), E₄ (1700–2000 m) and E₅ (>2000 m). Mean aboveground and belowground biomass were 73.9% and 26.1%, respectively, of total biomass (64.4 t ha^?1) in agroforestry systems. Fodder and/or timber trees accounted for 31% (in AHS) to 74% (in AS) of total biomass, while fruit trees accounted for 18% (in ASH) to 73% (in AH) of total biomass. The contribution of agriculture crops to total biomass fluctuated between 19% (in ASH) and 26% (in AH). Total vegetation biomass, soil carbon and total carbon density in agroforestry systems increased significantly along the elevation, with maximum biomass at elevation E₅ (32.0 t ha^?1, 64.7 t C ha^?1 and 96.7 t C ha^?1). Total biomass of vegetation among agroforestry systems differed significantly. Soil carbon stock was highest in AHS (59.5 t C ha^?1) and total carbon density (vegetation + soil) was highest in ASH (93.0 t C ha^?1). Thus, in Indian Himalayas, vegetation biomass, carbon stock, soil and total carbon (vegetation + soil) stock increased along the elevation.

Abbrviations: AG: aboveground; BG: belowground; WD: wood density; VOB: volume over bark; BEF: biomass expansion factor; AS: agrisilviculture; AH: agrihorticulture; ASH: agrisilvihorticulture; AHS: agrihortisilviculture; E: elevation; C: carbon; CO₂: carbon-di-oxide; IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; DBH: diameter at breast height; AGBD: aboveground biomass density; BGBD: belowground biomass density; GSVD: growing stock volume density     

高速冲击下多胞材料细观结构中波传播规律

目的 获取安全防护结构中细观多胞材料在高速冲击下的波传播规律.方法 采用基于3D-Voronoi细观多胞结构数值仿真和基于最小二乘法的局部应变梯度法,研究细观多胞结构在高速冲击下的冲击波波阵面传播规律.通过细观多胞结构数值仿真提取的位移场数据,结合局部应变梯度法得到界面清晰的冲击波波阵面.结果 冲击端和支撑端分别诱发右行和左行冲击波波阵面.冲击波波阵面传播过程分为3个阶段,即冲击端诱发右行冲击波阶段、支撑端诱发左行冲击波且未压缩区刚性向右运动阶段和右行冲击波压缩区域与未压缩区域一体刚性向右运动阶段.通过冲击波波速的演化规律研究,分别获取了右行和左行冲击波波阵面的拉氏位置和拉氏波速,通过严格理论推导解释了右行冲击波波阵面具有恒定减加速度的结论.最后对冲击波波阵面划分阶段的合理性进行了验证.结论 基于3D-Voronoi细观多胞结构数值仿真和基于最小二乘法的局部应变梯度法可以获取界面清晰的冲击波波阵面,细观多胞结构在高速冲击下的冲击波波阵面传播规律可为安全防护结构的设计和研究提供参考依据.