空气环境质量评价分析的数学方法及应用

用空气污染指数法,进行空气质量评价;用主成分分析法进行污染因子分析;用秩相关系数检验法作污染趋势分析。并根据淮安市2004-2007年实测空气质量日报资料,说明上述方法的应用。     

三峡水库成库后支流库湾营养状态及营养盐输出

三峡水库成库后,对受成库影响的12条主要支流库湾营养状态及营养盐输出状况进行了初步研究.结果表明,支流库湾总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a含量和透明度差异较大,透明度范围为0.10～3.5 m,TN含量范围为0.535～7.47 mg·L-1,TP含量范围为0.016～0.835 mg·L-1,高锰酸盐指数范围为1.55～5.88 mg·L-1,叶绿素a范围为1.38～23.7 mg·m-3.支流受到不同程度污染,水体中N含量丰富,部分次级河流富营养化的限制因子为P.利用相关分析方法,分析了叶绿素a与营养盐之间的关系,叶绿素a与高锰酸盐指数呈显著正相关(r=0.6242,p＜0.01).利用综合营养状态指数法评价了次级河流富营养化程度,结果表明,5月和6月份分别有5条和8条支流达到富营养化水平,其余河流为中营养.三峡水库蓄水后,支流库湾的富营养化程度较成库前严重.12条次级河流排放TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数和NH4 -N分别为668、26.7、890和99.2 g·s-1.三峡水库完工后,因支流库湾区水体流速进一步减缓,富营养化趋势将加重.     

不同营养模式下固定化斜生栅藻和普通小球藻氨氮去除能力对比分析

微藻培养耦合污水处理是一项极具潜力的绿色生物技术,具有污染物减排和资源化的双重效应.为明确不同微藻固定化后对NH₄+-N去除的差异及优势,以斜生栅藻和普通小球藻为研究对象,以自由生长为对照,通过5 d的批次培养试验对比分析了2种固定化微藻不同营养模式下对NH₄+-N污水的适应性及其生长特性.结果表明:①对比自由生长,固定化生长可有效提升斜生栅藻在自养和异养模式下的NH₄+-N去除能力,2种模式下最大去除率分别为98%和53%,而在混养模式下,最大去除率则从100%降至86%.②固定化生长对普通小球藻NH₄+-N去除率的提升较弱,仅在自养模式下发挥正效应,最大去除率可升至37%,在混养模式下,其自由生长优势强于固定化生长,当C/N为10时,NH₄+-N第4天即可完全去除.③固定化生长并未改变混养模式下2种微藻生长对ρ(COD_Cr)的依赖性,而该效应在异养模式下并不明显.④除自养模式外,固定化生长均略低于自由生长,并且普通小球藻的生长速率也显著高于斜生栅藻.研究显示,斜生栅藻单个细胞对NH₄+-N的去除能力优于普通小球藻单个细胞,斜生栅藻污水培养的适应性更强,并且固定化自养模式最佳,而普通小球藻固定化优势微弱.      

CRITICAL ELEMENTS IN DESCRIBING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR NATION'S AQUATIC RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Despite spending $115 billion per year on environmental actions in the United States, we have only a limited ability to describe the effectiveness of these expenditures. Moreover, after decades of such investments, we cannot accurately describe status and trends in the nation's aquatic ecosystems or even those in specific regions. Why? This situation has arisen in part because we have excluded the fundamental principles of probability designs that are widely used in other fields and we have often ignored direct measures of biota, the subjects of greatest concern. To demonstrate the results of ignoring these powerful statistical and biological tools, we present four case studies. These studies compare estimates of aquatic resource status derived from using (1) a probability-based study design, often with biological measures of condition; and (2) a nonstatistical study design, often using chemical surrogates. In three of the four cases, the results derived from the nonstatistical perspective underestimate the degree of biological degradation.     

中国东部河流沉积物中重金属含量与沉积物主要性质的关系

采集了我国东部１２条大、中河流的２６个相对清洁的表层沉积物样品，测定了沉积物中Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ和Ｃｏ的含量以及沉积物的主要地球化学性质（粒径分布、反应性和铁氧化物、无定型铁氧化物、总铁、隐晶型锰氧化物、总锰、铝氧化物、钛氧化物、有机碳和粘土矿物含量等）和表面性质（比表面和表面位密度）以非参数相关分析和偏相关分析研究了沉积的物中重金属含量与沉积物主要性质之间的关系，结果表明，在我国东部，这些相     

群落中物种多度格局的研究综述

物种多度格局是群落结构的重要内容，但在目前的生态学研究中对其重视不够；多度格局研究早在３０年代就开始，在过去的数十年中得到了重要发展；现已建立了多种多度格局模型，它们各有所长；多度格局与物种多样性指数结合，对群落结构研究更具意义；在多度格局研究中也有一些问题值得讨论。     

水温与营养值对水库藻华态势的影响

主要研究了水温和营养值在大沙河水库绿藻、硅藻藻华生物量的影响；提出了用营养值来定量描述水体的富营养状态；通过构筑一定形式的辅助变量，分别提出了在水温20℃和30℃条件下藻华生物量的预测模型；进一步阐述了水温对藻生长态势的影响原理。研究表明水温一方面影响藻生命活动的活性、速率，另一方面影响藻对水中营养物的利用率和自身代谢率。在水温20℃和30℃时，两方面的总体作用结果有所不同。对营养物的利用率和自身代谢率方面更大程度上影响藻华生物量的多少。     

Maternal effects on post-weaning physical and social development in juvenile mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)

Little is known about maternal effects on post-weaning development, yet they may be important because maternal care could have long-term consequences only evident when offspring approach adulthood. We have assessed the effects of maternal age, current reproduction (presence of a kid of the year) and social rank on the body mass, horn length and social rank of 1- and 2-year-old mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). Maternal reproductive status and social rank did not affect the mass or horn length of either yearlings or 2-year-olds. Maternal age was positively correlated with yearling body mass for males but not females. We could not detect any maternal age effects on body mass of 2-year-olds. Maternal age and spring forage quality were positively correlated with horn length of yearlings of both sexes, but not of 2-year-olds. Juvenile females showed compensatory growth in mass between 1 and 2 years of age, but males did not. Neither sex showed compensatory growth in horn length. None of the maternal characteristics we examined directly affected the social rank of juveniles, which increased with body mass. Social rank in female mountain goats seems to be established early in life and maintained to adulthood. By affecting yearling development, maternal age could affect the reproductive success of males.     

A two step fuzzy model for the assessment and ranking of organizational resilience factors in the process industry

The evaluation and ranking of resilience factors (RFs) in an uncertain environment has important implications for the management of any enterprise. Determining an improvement strategy of business process resilience is based on the obtained rank of RFs, and it presents a key success factor for an enterprise in dealing with crisis. The complexity and importance of the treated problem calls for analytic methods rather than intuitive decisions. The relative importance of business processes and the relative importance of RFs under each business process are stated by fuzzy pair-wise comparison matrices. The elements of these matrices are triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs). The fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is used for determination of relative weights of existing variables. The rank of RFs is obtained by using the extent fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS). The real life application on the selection of the management team shows the practical implications in the process industry.     

Effects of Pioneer Tree Species Hyperabundance on Forest Fragments in Northeastern Brazil

Abstract: Despite many studies on fragmentation of tropical forests, the extent to which plant and animal communities are altered in small, isolated forest fragments remains obscure if not controversial. We examined the hypothesis that fragmentation alters the relative abundance of tree species with different vegetative and reproductive traits. In a fragmented landscape (670 km²) of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, we categorized 4056 trees of 182 species by leafing pattern, reproductive phenology, and morphology of seeds and fruit. We calculated relative abundance of traits in 50 1‐ha plots in three types of forest configurations: forest edges, small forest fragments (3.4–83.6 ha), and interior of the largest forest fragment (3500 ha, old growth). Although evergreen species were the most abundant across all configurations, forest edges and small fragments had more deciduous and semideciduous species than interior forest. Edges lacked supra‐annual flowering and fruiting species and had more species and stems with drupes and small seeds than small forest fragments and forest interior areas. In an ordination of species similarity and life‐history traits, the three types of configurations formed clearly segregated clusters. Furthermore, the differences in the taxonomic and functional (i.e., trait‐based) composition of tree assemblages we documented were driven primarily by the higher abundance of pioneer species in the forest edge and small forest fragments. Our work provides strong evidence that long‐term transitions in phenology and seed and fruit morphology of tree functional groups are occurring in fragmented tropical forests. Our results also suggest that edge‐induced shifts in tree assemblages of tropical forests can be larger than previously documented.