Using Differences Among Carlson's Trophic State Index Values in Regional Water Quality Assessment1

ABSTRACT: Variation among Carlson's three TSI values is unsettling to both the public and the scientific communities. Currently, there is no systematic way to account for differences in the three TSI values. Either (or both) of two mechanisms are proposed to account for differing TSI values on a regional basis. The first mechanism simply transforms the Secchi disk and phosphorus information to conform to their respective regional relationship with chlorophyll. The second mechanism uses the three TSI values to identify modifying processes in a lake and may indicate which TSI value (or combination of values) best reflects a lake's trophic condition. The format that is being proposed using information collected from 60 lakes in the Twin Cities (Minnesota) Metropolitan Area can be applied to other regional situations.     

千岛湖水体悬浮颗粒物吸收特性及其典型季节差异

利用千岛湖2012年12月~2013年2月冬季及2013年6~8月夏季的采样数据,分析了千岛湖水体的营养水平和悬浮颗粒物的吸收特性季节变化及空间分布规律.结果表明千岛湖营养水平夏高冬低,整体处于中营养水平.冬季和夏季总悬浮颗粒物吸收系数在440 nm的均值分别为:(0.20±0.07)m-1和(0.24±0.17)m-1;675 nm的均值为(0.07±0.02)m-1和(0.10±0.07)m-1;夏季显著高于冬季(t-test,P<0.05).冬季总悬浮颗粒物的吸收光谱可分为两种情况:西北湖区与浮游植物吸收类似,其它站点与非藻类颗粒物的吸收相似;而夏季,在可见光范围,50%以上总悬浮颗粒物的吸收是由藻类颗粒物贡献,因此,总悬浮颗粒物的吸收光谱曲线与浮游植物光谱曲线类似.冬夏季浮游植物吸收系数差异显著(P<0.05),440 nm均值分别为(0.10±0.03)m-1和(0.17±0.14)m-1;相应地675 nm的均值为(0.05±0.02)m-1和(0.08±0.07)m-1.冬季和夏季440 nm浮游植物比吸收系数(以Chla计)的均值分别为:(0.045±0.010)m2·mg-1和(0.039±0.013)m2·mg-1;675 nm处为:(0.022±0.004)m2·mg-1和(0.019±0.005)m2·mg-1.440 nm和675 nm浮游植物吸收系数随Chla浓度及综合营养状态指数的增加线性增大;比吸收系数和Chla浓度呈幂函数关系,随Chla浓度增大而减小.冬季非藻类颗粒物吸收与无机颗粒物的相关性最好;夏季440 nm非藻类颗粒物吸收与总悬浮颗粒物和有机颗粒物呈线性关系,随着总悬浮颗粒物和有机颗粒物含量增加非藻类颗粒物吸收增加.     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage effluents in Beijing,China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for efluents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the effects of discharging MSTP efluent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 μg/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 μg/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

淮安市区空气质量评价及趋势分析

根据淮安市区2007年实测空气质量日报资料,用空气污染指数法,对淮安市区空气质量进行评价;并用秩相关系数检验法作污染趋势分析。结果表明,2007年淮安市区的空气质量类别为Ⅱ级,空气质量状况为良好,监测点富华服装公司的空气质量最差,监测点淮阴区监测站的空气质量最好;一年中以8月份的空气质量最好,1月份的空气质量最差;污染物SO2及NO2浓度随时间变化趋势明显,而PM10的浓度随时间变化趋势不显著。     

Strategic 3-hydroxy-2-butanone release in the dominant male lobster cockroach, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nauphoeta cinerea</Emphasis>

In the lobster cockroach Nauphoete cinerea, the dominant–subordinate hierarchy formed via the agonistic interactions is unstable, and changes in rank order are common. Our previous results showed that in the first encounter fight during initial rank formation, microgram levels of 3H-2B are released by the aggressive posture (AP)-adopting dominant male. In the present study, the pattern of daily pheromone (3H-2B) release during the domination period and on the day of rank switch, rank duration, and rank switch frequency were investigated in three-male groups and six-male groups to examine the effect of higher frequency of agonistic encounters. The results showed that, in the three-male groups (50-day observation period), daily 3H-2B release rate was not constant, but fluctuated, the average duration of dominant rank was 16.6 ± 2.0 days, rank switch occurred in 58.8% of groups, and the frequency of rank switching (average number of rank switches/group/50 days) was 1.4 ± 0.2. For the six-male groups (30-day observation period), the daily 3H-2B release rate also fluctuated, but the duration of dominant rank was significantly shorter at 4.2 ± 0.6 days, rank switch occurred in 100% of groups, and the frequency of rank switching (average number of rank switches/group/30 days) was significantly higher at 6.9 ± 0.6. The results for both sets of male groups showed that as a new rank formed (either on the first encounter day or on the day of rank switching), the dominant status was significantly associated with a higher 3H-2B release rate. In the animal kingdom, fighting usually involves communication or the exchange of signals, and the results of this study indicated that the fluctuating daily 3H-2B release rate adopted by the dominants is a kind of strategic release and the 3H-2B release rate is a signal used to determine dominance.     

影响银淡水生物水质基准的环境因素分析

水质基准是制定水环境质量标准,以及评价、预测和控制与治理水体污染的重要依据。为了系统分析水体硬度、物种门类和地域条件对水质基准的影响,本研究筛选了6门20科25种水生生物的毒性数据,用毒性百分数排序法推导了中国银的淡水生物水质基准。研究结果表明,银的基准最大浓度(CMC)与水体硬度呈幂函数关系,等式为CMC=0.85×e[0.62ln(水体硬度)-4.28]μg·L-1,基准连续浓度为0.02μg·L-1。中国和美国2个不同生物区系研究都表明低等生物(无脊椎动物)比高等生物(脊椎动物)对银离子的毒性更为敏感。由地域条件引起的生物区系和敏感物种差异及基准推导方法的不同也会影响水质基准值。