吡虫啉光降解产物中阴离子的毛细管电泳分析

本文建立了吡虫啉光降解产物中无机阴离子的毛细管电泳分析方法,背景电解质采用铬酸钠和十四烷基三甲基溴化铵,２５４ｎｍ紫外间接检测,在选定条件下,光降解产物中各种阴离子在３ｍｉｎ内达到完全分离;     

环境分析化学中化学发光分析的研究与应用

对2000年以来化学发光分析在环境污染物分析中的应用研究进行了评述,其中,包括与化学发光分析联用的流动注射、高效液相色谱和毛细管电泳技术等.     

氨氧化菌群的筛选及发酵条件的优化

利用选择性培养基对活性污泥进行连续驯化,筛选出氨氮去除效率较高且稳定的氨氧化菌群。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术分析了氨氧化菌群在连续传代过程中菌群的结构差异,并对菌群的发酵培养基及发酵条件分别进行了正交优化和单因子优化。结果表明,该菌群的最佳发酵培养基为每升培养基中含碳酸盐缓冲液15mmol,硫酸铵4.2 mmol,磷酸盐缓冲液12.5 mmol,硫酸亚铁0.9μmol,氯化钙0.4 mmol,硫酸镁1.5 mmol;最佳发酵条件为:接种量为14%,装液量为60 mL/250 mL,温度为35℃。在此条件下,菌群对氨氮的去除效果较优化前提高了155%。     

对苯二甲酸降解酵母及其活性

通过半连续驯化,从对苯二甲酸活性污泥中分离到一株能降解对苯二甲酸(TA)的假丝酵母(Candida),命名为CP01.经两次紫外诱变后,获得了能以TA为唯一碳源的高效酵母菌CP02,诱变前后酵母全细胞蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)条带有明显差异. CP02在30℃, pH5.5～8,振荡速率150r/min的培养条件下,72h内对1400mg/L的TA降解率可达80%以上.     

聚硅氧化铝铁混凝剂(PSAFC)的制备及应用研究

利用工业废弃物硫铁矿烧渣、结晶氯化铝、工业用水玻璃、工业盐酸为原材料配制聚硅氯化铝铁PSAFC,并将其用于印染废水的处理,取得了良好的净水效果.结果表明:处理印染废水的最佳pH值为8～9;碱化度B为1,印染废水的COD_Cr去除率达到90%以上.      

生物造粒流化床污水处理反应器中微生物生长比较分析

利用传统细菌计数方法及分子生物学方法对新近发展起来的生物造粒流化床反应器与A2/O工艺的微生物特性进行比较研究.反应器中好氧菌、反硝化菌及反硫化菌的计数结果显示,单位质量的活性污泥中,生物造粒流化床中好氧菌的分布数是A2/O工艺好氧区的1～2倍,反硝化菌总数介于A2/O工艺的好氧区和缺氧区之间,而反硫化菌的总数介于A2/O工艺的缺氧区和厌氧区之间.用PCR-DGGE技术对生物造粒流化床反应器及A2/O工艺中的微生物进行多样性分析,结果显示,生物造粒流化床反应器的微生物群落比A2/O工艺丰富;DGGE指纹图谱聚类分析表明,生物造粒流化床反应器与A2/O工艺的微生物群落相似性为57.6%.     

铁元素对硫酸盐还原过程的影响及微生物群落响应

采用常规化学分析和微生物群落变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)监测技术,探讨投加不同价态铁元素对硫酸盐还原过程的影响以及相应的微生物群落动态响应.结果表明,反应器启动后5d内硫酸盐去除率达到80%,在此过程中群落条带逐渐减少,但与已分离的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)菌株一致的条带并没出现;Fe³⁺的投加极显著地改变了原有的高效群落结构,硫酸盐去除率降至20%,氧化还原电位(ORP)有所上升;而Fe²⁺和Fe0的投加未改变已经形成的顶极群落结构模式,也未显著降低硫酸盐去除率,仅硫化物的浓度变化对Fe²⁺的投加有短暂的响应.     

复合垂直流人工湿地污染物去除及微生物群落结构的PCR-DGGE分析

采用复合垂直流人工湿地净化富营养化景观水,考察了湿地系统中ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(TN),ρ(NH₄+-N),ρ(TP)和ρ(DO)以及pH的沿程变化,并采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了湿地系统中微生物群落结构垂直分布及组成的多样性. 结果表明:从下行池到上行池,ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(TN),ρ(NH₄+-N),ρ(TP),ρ(DO)和pH沿水流方向逐渐下降,上行池末端出水ρ(DO)略有回升,污染物的去除主要发生在下行池;由于湿地系统中环境条件和营养水平的变化,在湿地系统的不同位置微生物种群存在共同种属和各自的特异种属;下行池表层微生物多样性指数最高,上行池各样品间的相似性较好. 从下行池到上行池,微生物群落的多样性降低,群落结构间的相似性逐渐增大. 植物供氧、残体累积以及根际效应有助于提高湿地表层微生物的多样性.      

Chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste

Background, aim, and scope  It has been known that the pollutants of electronic wastes (E-wastes) can lead to severe pollution to the environment. It has been reported that about 50% to 80% of E-wastes from developed countries are exported to Asia and Africa. It has become a major global environmental problem to deal with ‘E-wastes’. E-waste recycling has remained primitive in Jinghai, China. This not only produces enormous environmental pollution but also can bring about toxic or genotoxic effects on the human body, threatening the health of both current residents and future generations living in the local environment. The concentration of lead in the blood of children in the E-waste polluted area in China is higher than that of the control area. But little is known about the cytogenetic effect to human beings caused by the pollution of E-wastes. In the present study, experiments have been performed to investigate the genetics of permanent residents of three villages with numerous E-waste disposal sites and to analyze the harmful effects of exposure to E-wastes. Materials and methods  In total, 171 villagers (exposed group) were randomly selected from permanent residents of three villages located in Jinghai County of Tianjin, China, where there has been massive disposal of E-wastes. Thirty villagers were selected from the neighboring towns without E-waste disposal sites to serve as controls. Chromosomal aberrations and cytokinesis blocking micronucleus were performed to detect the cytogenetic effect, dic + r (dicentric and ring chromosome), monomer, fragments (acentric fragments, minute chromosomes, and acentric rings), translocation, satellite, quadriradial, total aberrations, and micronuclear rate were scored for each subject. DNA damage was detected using comet assay; the DNA percentage in the comet tail (TDNA%), tail moment (TM), and Olive tail moment (OTM) were recorded to describe DNA damage to lymphocytes. Results  The total chromosome aberration rates (5.50%) and micronuclear rates (16.99%) of the exposure group were significantly higher than in the control group (P = 0.000). The percentage of DNA in the comet tail, tail moment, and Olive tail moment detected by comet assay showed that there was a significant difference in DNA damage in the exposure group (P = 0.000). The chromosome aberration, micronucleus rate, and DNA damage observed in women were significantly higher than those in men. Chromosome aberration and micronuclear rates of both smokers and non-smokers in the exposure group are obviously higher than that in the control group (P = 0.000). Discussion  The use of outdated (and unsafe) ways to deal with E-wastes can lead to exposure to a variety of substances harmful to human health. The components of pollution may enter the human body through the air, drinking water, and food chain to damage human genetic material, resulting in genomic instability. The rates of chromosomal aberration, micronucleus formation, and the degree of DNA damage in women in the group exposed to electronic waste were significantly higher than in men. The reason for this may be concerned with the traditional lifestyle of the local residents or the difference of sensitivity to the exposure to E-wastes or any others. Further investigations are needed to provide evidence to demonstrate this. Conclusions  Here, we report the obviously cytogenetic toxicity to the exposure population by the E-waste pollution for the first time. E-waste pollution may be a potential agent of genetic mutation, and may induce cytogenetic damage within the general population exposed to the pollution. These findings need to be considered, and steps should be taken to protect the current population and future generations from the effects of pollution with E-wastes. Recommendations and perspectives  The above results remind us that the impact of E-waste recycling on environmental quality of Jinghai should be evaluated soon. Moreover, it is urgent for the government to prohibit E-waste import and its processing by outdated ways. The future studies such as pollutant details of drinking water, air, and soil in the area as well as epidemiological investigations on the harmful effect to children must be performed eagerly. All the data available do provide a compelling case for immediate action in both countries to address workplace health and safety and waste management. Qiang Liu and Jia Cao contributed equally to this study and share the first authorship.     

Bioaugmentation of a 4-chloronitrobenzene contaminated soil with Pseudomonas putida ZWL73

The strain Pseudomonas putida ZWL73, which metabolizes 4-chloronitrobenzene (4CNB) by a partial-reductive pathway, was inoculated into lab-scale 4CNB-contaminated soil for bioaugmentation purposes in this study. The degradation of 4CNB was clearly stimulated, as indicated with the gradual accumulation of ammonium and chloride. Simultaneously, the diversity and quantity of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria decreased due to 4CNB contamination, while the quantity of 4CNB-resistant bacteria increased. During the bioaugmentation, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed the changes of diversity in dominant populations of intrinsic soil microbiota. The results showed that Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were not distinctly affected, but Actinobacteria were apparently stimulated. In addition, an interesting dynamic within Acidobacteria was observed, as well as an influence on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria population. These combined findings demonstrate that the removal of 4CNB in soils by inoculating strain ZWL73 is feasible, and that specific populations in soils rapidly changed in response to 4CNB contamination and subsequent bioaugmentation.