Prenatal diagnosis of the Hunter syndrome and the introduction of a new fluorimetric enzyme assay

Prenatal diagnosis of the Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type II; MPS II) is preferably achieved by the assay of iduronate-2-sulphate sulphatase (IDS) in uncultured chorionic villi (CV) as this allows early (12th week), rapid (2–3 days) and reliable results. We summarize the results of 174 prenatal analyses in the past 30 years, using various methods such as radiolabelled sulphate incorporation in amniotic fluid (AF) cells, glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-electrophoresis in AF and IDS assay in CV, CV-cells, AF and AF-cells. Twenty-seven fetuses with MPS II were diagnosed after finding clearly abnormal results in pregnancies with a male fetus; very low IDS activity has also been measured in some pregnancies with a (heterozygous) female fetus, emphasizing the need to combine enzyme assay with fetal sex determination. IDS activity has until recently been assessed by a cumbersome radioactive enzyme assay. Here we describe the use of a novel fluorigenic 4-methylumbelliferyl substrate, which allows a sensitive, rapid and convenient assay of IDS activity and reliable early prenatal diagnosis. This novel IDS assay was validated in retrospective analyses of 14 CV, CV-cell, AF and AF-cell samples from affected pregnancies in addition to prospective prenatal diagnosis in eight pregnancies at risk with one MPS II-affected fetus. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种简便快速检测涕灭威对DNA损伤的方法

介绍一种简便、快速检测涕灭威对DNA损伤的方法,并将这种方法与其他几种检测DNA损伤的方法进行了比较.这种方法直接把菌体或组织匀浆液放入琼脂糖凝胶的加样孔穴中,在原位裂解后,在较高pH环境下进行电泳,根据DNA的量和损伤程度评价涕灭威对生物个体或生态系统产生的影响.     

大气细颗粒物致大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞DNA损伤

运用单细胞凝胶电泳技术,研究了太原市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对分离的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞 DNA 的损伤作用.结果表明,在 PM2.5浓度分别为 0,75,150,300,450μg/mL 的染毒条件下,染毒 1h 后,大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞 DNA 拖尾长度分别为 2.82,6.76,10.25,14.47,23.87μm;染毒 4h后,DNA 拖尾长度分别为 2.80,18.15,32.90,43.22,55.51μm;染毒 10h 后,DNA 拖尾长度分别为 2.49,26.57,39.73,52.10,70.09μm.由此可见,PM2.5可引起大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞 DNA 的损伤,且随着 PM2.5浓度的增加及染毒时间的延长而加剧,呈明确的剂量-效应关系和时间-效应关系.     

Response of anaerobes to methyl fluoride, 2-bromoethanesulfonate and hydrogen during acetate degradation

To use the selective inhibition method for quantitative analysis of acetate metabolism in methanogenic systems,the responses of microbial communities and metabolic activities,which were involved in anaerobic degradation of acetate,to the addition of methyl fluoride(CH3F),2-bromoethanesulfonate(BES)and hydrogen were investigated in a thermophilic batch experiment.Both the methanogenic inhibitors,i.e.,CH3F and BES,showed their effectiveness on inhibiting CH4 production,whereas acetate metabolism other than acetoclastic methanogenesis was stimulated by BES,as reflected by the fluctuated acetate concentration.Syntrophic acetate oxidation was thermodynamically blocked by hydrogen(H2),while H2-utilizing reactions as hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis and homoacetogenesis were correspondingly promoted.Results of PCR-DGGE fingerprinting showed that,CH3F did not influence the microbial populations significantly.However,the BES and hydrogen notably altered the bacterial community structures and increased the diversity.BES gradually changed the methanogenic community structure by affecting the existence of different populations to different levels,whilst H2 greatly changed the abundance of different methanogenic populations,and induced growth of new species.     

秸秆生物质炭DOM光谱特征及其与Cu2+的相互作用

通过荧光猝灭滴定法探究玉米秸秆炭（MSB）、水稻秸秆炭（RSB）和花生秸秆炭（PSB）中DOM的光谱特征及其与Cu²⁺的络合机理.结果表明：三种生物质炭的DOM均具有较高的亲水性和较低的芳香性,其中RSB-DOM的芳香性相对较强、分子量较大,但DOM含量低,PSB-DOM含量最高,芳香结构中含氧官能团较多.MSB和RSB-DOM中均含类富里酸组分C1和类腐殖酸组分C3、C4,RSB-DOM中还有类色氨酸组分C5,PSB-DOM则由两种类富里酸组分C1、C2和较长波长类腐殖酸组分C4组成,3种DOM均以类富里酸组分为主,占比达54.93%~86.29%.Cu²⁺与类腐殖酸组分的稳定常数（logK_M）高于类富里酸组分,且类腐殖酸组分C4的络合能力（f）最强,类腐殖酸组分的logK_M和f值总体上表现为：PSB-DOM> MSB-DOM>RSB-DOM.二维相关光谱分析发现,类富里酸组分对Cu²⁺最敏感,而Cu²⁺优先与类腐殖酸组分结合.研究结果有助于进一步揭示生物质炭的DOM对Cu²⁺环境行为的影响机制.     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定水中的毒死蜱含量

利用胶束电动毛细管色谱（MEKC）建立了测定水中毒死蜱含量的方法,研究了检测波长、运行缓冲液的种类、浓度以及pH、有机添加剂、脱氧胆酸钠（NaDCh）的浓度和分离电压等实验条件对毒死蜱测定的影响.实验结果表明,以25 mmol.L-1硼砂（pH 9.0,含20%（V/V）乙腈和50 mmol.L-1NaDCh）作为缓冲...     

秦皇岛近海养殖对潮间带微生物群落多样性的影响

潮间带微生物群落在驱动海岸带生态系统物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用,近海养殖造成的环境问题日益凸显,但其对潮间带微生物群落结构的影响还缺乏研究。采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）的分子生物学技术,研究秦皇岛养殖区与旅游区潮间带沉积物中微生物多样性的差异,分析养殖区微生物的16S rRNA基因文库的组成特征。结果表明：养殖区的微生物群落结构与旅游区形成较大的差异,DGGE图谱中养殖区的特有条带主要集中于γ-变形菌纲（γ-proteobacteria）,还分布于α-变形菌纲（α-proteobacteria）,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。影响潮间带微生物的群落结构的主要环境因子包括温度、盐度、pH和NO3-浓度,影响率达55.2%。对差异最大的洋河大桥南养殖区（Q1站）的微生物样品建立克隆文库分析群落结构,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌群,占总群落的60%,其中γ-变形菌纲是主要存在的微生物纲,其余菌群包括放线菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的微生物。养殖区海岸带微生物群落中出现了与环境污染和赤潮密切相关的菌群,如拟杆菌门、肠杆菌属（Enterobacteriaceae）和α-变形细菌红细菌目（Roseovarius）的微生物。     

Capillary electrophoresis to analyze water-soluble oligo(hydroxyacids) issued from degraded or biodegraded aliphatic polyesters

In an attempt to increase the range of analytical techniques able to monitor ultimate degradation stages of degradable, biodegradable, and bioresorbable polymers, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used to analyze tentatively oligomers formed during thermal condensation of lactic, glycolic, anddl-3-hydroxybutyric acids. The influence of the buffer and of capillary coating are discussed in terms of electroosmotic flow. Typical analyses were first performed using a 0.1M borate buffer (pH 8.9) with anodic injection. In the case of lactic acid, seven peaks were well separated, while only three peaks were observed for glycolic acid. A more complex situation was found fordl-3-hydroxybutyric acid oligomers. The first five peaks were split. The major component of each doublet was attributed to hydroxy-terminated oligomers, whereas the satellite peaks were assigned to oligomers bearing a C=C double bond at the noncarboxylic terminus. CZE of pH-sensitive lactic acid oligomers was also performed in 0.05M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) with cathodic injection after physical coating of the fused-silica capillary with DEAE-Dextran. The buffer-soluble fraction present in lactic acid oligomers was extracted from a dichloromethane solution. Extracts issued from different batches of lactic acid condensates gave a constant water-solubility pattern whose cutoff was at the level of the decamer. CZE was also used to monitor thein vitro aging of aqueous solutions of these water-soluble oligomers. The lactyllactic acid dimer appeared more stable than higher oligomers, thus showing that ultimate stages of the degradation did not proceed at random. These physicochemical characteristics were used to complement the degradation pathway based on diffusion of oligomers duringin vitro aging of large size lactic acid plates made by compression molding. CZE data showed that lactic acid was the only component which was released in the aqueous medium during degradation.Presented by C.B. at the 4th International Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, October 11–14, 1995, Durham, NH, USA.