Mechanism on minimization of excess sludge in oxic-settlinganaerobic (OSA) process

The oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process is a promising wastewater treatment technique for efficiently reducing sludge production and improving the stability of process operation. In this paper, the possible factors of sludge reduction such as sludge decay, uncoupled metabolism, and anaerobic oxidation with low sludge production were discussed in the OSA process. It has been confirmed that sludge decay is the decisive cause in the OSA process, accounting for 66.7% of sludge production reduction. Sludge decay includes hydrolysis and acidogenesis of dead microorganisms and particle organic carbon adsorbed in sludge floc and endogenous metabolism. By batch experiments, it has been proven that there is energetic uncoupling in the OSA system since microorganisms were exposed to alternative anaerobic and aerobic environment. It accounts for about 7.5% of sludge production reduction. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) released from the anaerobic sludge tank in the OSA process was used as the substrate for cryptic growth. The substrate was used for anoxic denitrifying, anaerobic phosphorus release, sulfate reduction, and methane production. These anaerobic reactions in the sludge anaerobic tank have lower sludge production than in the aerobic oxidation when equivalent SCOD is consumed, which may lead to approximately 23% of sludge reduction in the OSA process. It has been concluded that multiple causes resulted in the minimization of excess sludge in the OSA system. The microbial community structure and diversity of sludge samples from the CAS (conventional activated sludge) and OSA systems were investigated by 16 SrDNA PCR-DG-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-double gradient-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). DGGE profile and cluster analysis showed more abundant species in the OSA system contrasting to microbial communities in the CAS system.     

利用PCR-DGGE技术指导高温油藏中功能微生物的分离

采用PCR-DGGE技术对高温油藏的微生物群落进行了多样性分析,并将得到的信息用于指导油藏微生物的分离.本研究通过PCR-DGGE技术对油藏水样中DNA的16S rDNA V3、V8、V9 3个高可变区的扩增产物进行了比较,确定采用可得到更多微生物多样性信息的V9区引物进行PCR扩增,优势条带序列分析表明,在高温油藏中存在的微生物与GenBank数据库中α,β,y-变形杆菌和芽孢杆菌的序列相似性最高.利用多元细菌培养技术,以序列信息为指导,采用富集培养、直接培养和特殊培养的方法,从水样中分离出5株高温菌(而传统分离方法只能获得3株),其中3株高温解烃菌分别属于Bacillus属、Geobacillus属和Petrobacter属,它们能够在55℃以上兼性厌氧条件良好生长,对原油的降解率分别为56.5%、70.01%和31.87%,对原油的降粘率分别为40%、54.55%和29.09%,使原油的凝固点分别降低3.7、5.2和3.1℃.因此,序列指导和改变培养条件是分离更多有效采油微生物的改进方法,这3株高温菌的对原油的作用效果证明其具备提高石油采收率的潜力.     

基于环境自净能力的龙凤湿地水质改善优化调控模型

为解决城市湿地生态系统存在的严重污染问题,找到合理的排污削减方案,选择大庆市龙凤湿地作为研究对象,以主要的污染物NH_3-N、TP、COD_(Cr)和石油类污染物为指标,应用MIKE21建立试验湿地二维水动力和水质耦合模型,采用数值模拟的方法,研究提出湿地水质改善的优化调控模型.进而,采用模拟试验研究了清淤、曝气、补水及上述措施两两组合下的调控方案对改善龙凤湿地水质效果的影响.结果表明:单一工程措施下无法使染物削减到控制目标浓度,各类措施的削减效果为补水清淤曝气;在各组合情况下,补水+清淤方案的削减作用更佳;在工程措施相同情况下,提高排污标准也能起到削减作用.最后,在考虑不同排污方式下既能使污染物排放达标、又能充分利用湿地纳污能力的前提下,优选出了最佳方案.     

多位点酶电泳在黄芪根瘤菌分类中的应用

报导了分析根瘤菌各种多位点酶的电泳缓冲系统和染色方法，并对黄芪根瘤菌进行了分类研究，结果表明：采用多位点酶电泳图谱进行聚类可得到与数值分类基本一致的结果，证实这是一种行之有效、简便快速的分类方法．     

中国北方菲律宾哈仔同工酶电泳的初步分析比较

通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对中国北方五个群体的菲律宾蛤仔的酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶、葡萄糖六磷酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、磷酸葡萄糖异构酶、苹果酸酶和过氧化氢酶等同工酶进行了分析比较。结果表明，菲律宾蛤仔的同工酶电泳结果具有明显的地理群体特异性。     

Modeling the binding of triazine herbicides to humic substances using capillary electrophoresis

The binding of 4 s-triazines herbicides and metabolites, ameline, hydroxyatrazine, atraton, and ametryn to 12 structurally different humic substances was studied by affinity capillary electrophoresis. Binding data were confronted to the structural data of humic acids obtained from spectrometric measurements (UV-Vis, FT/IR, NMR), elemental analysis and potentiometric titration. The results obtained with principal component analysis and partial least square analysis clearly show the importance of carboxylic acidity and aromaticity of the humic ligands in relation to the partial positive charge and relative hydrophobicity of the pesticides.     

Determination of vanillin in vanilla perfumes and air by capillary electrophoresis

The present study investigated capillary electrophoretic detection of vanillin in vanilla perfume and air. An UV-absorbance detector was used in a home-made capillary electrophoretic instrument. A fused silica capillary (outer diameter: 364 μm, inner diameter: 50 μm) was used as a separation capillary, and a high electric voltage (20 kV) was applied across the two ends of the capillary. Total length of the capillary was 70 cm, and the effective length was 55 cm. Experimental results showed that the vanillin peak was detected at about 600, 450, and 500 seconds when pH of running buffers in CE were 7.2, 9.3, and 11.5, respectively. The peak area of vanillin was proportional to its concentration in the range of 0–10^?2 mol/L. The detection limit was about 10^?5 mol/L. Vanillin concentration in a 1% vanilla perfume sample was determined to be about 3×10^?4 mol/L, agreed well with that obtained by a HPLC method. Furthermore, determination of vanillin in air by combination of CE and active carbon adsorption method was investigated     

生物除磷系统中聚磷菌检测常用技术

作为生物除磷系统中的主要功能菌,对聚磷菌菌群进行定性、定量分析是深入理解生物除磷系统、提高除磷效率的必然趋势。目前常用于检测聚磷菌的方法主要有生物化学法和分子生物学法,文章主要阐述了荧光原位杂交技术、聚合酶链反应技术、变性梯度凝胶电泳技术以及多技术结合使用的特点及应用情况,并在此基础上提出了改进措施以及聚磷菌检测技术的发展方向。     

三峡水库试验性蓄水前后大宁河富营养化状态比较

基于大宁河试验性蓄水阶段(2005-09～2007-09)和正常运行阶段(2008-09～2010-09)的监测数据,对大宁河试验性蓄水前后富营养化状态进行比较,在此基础上运用Carlson的"二维坐标理论"和数理统计分析方法,探究大宁河富营养状态限制因素.结果表明,和试验性蓄水阶段相比,正常运行阶段整个研究区域TSITP呈显著上升趋势,从大宁河回水末端至长江干流,增加幅度沿程依次为23.29%、19.57%、15.58%和14.12%;TSISD和TSITN维持稳定;TSICHL总体维持稳定,仅回水末端(S1)呈上升趋势,上升幅度为17.34%.从长江干流至大宁河回水末端,TSITN、TSITP和TSISD这3个营养状态指数均呈现沿程降低的趋势;TSICHL呈现回水区(S2)和出水口(S3)较高,长江干流(S4)和回水末端(S1)较低.试验性蓄水前后各水文期特征基本呈现一致.TSITN和TSITP水文期特征表现为:汛限期、泄水期>高水位运行期>蓄水期;TSICHL水文期特征表现为:汛限期>蓄水期、泄水期>高水位运行期;TSISD水文期特征表现为:汛限期、泄水期>蓄水期>高水位运行期.正常运行期和试验性蓄水期相比,TSITN、TSITP和TSICHL在各个水文期之间的差异变小.长江干流和大宁河总氮和总磷已经超过了富营养化状态的临界值,因此营养盐并不是水体富营养化状态的限制因素;非藻类浊度控制水下光衰减而成为限制藻类生产力的关键因素.非藻类浊度和水下光照分布受到水文学特征季节动态的强烈干扰.